Escala de Motivação para Aprendizagem em Universitários: Versão Breve / Learning Motivation in Higher Education Scale: Brief Version / Escala de Motivación para el Aprendizaje en Universitarios: Versión Abreviada

A avaliação da motivação para aprender é um aspecto relevante em contextos educacionais, pois a motivação pode influenciar o engajamento dos estudantes, sua aprendizagem e seu desempenho em tarefas acadêmicas. O objetivo deste estudo foi propor uma versão breve da Escala de Motivação para Aprendizagem em Universitários (EMAPRE-U Breve). A EMAPRE-U é uma escala de 28 itens que avalia três dimensões motivacionais: meta aprender, meta performance-aproximação e meta performance-evitação. Participaram do estudo 525 universitários do primeiro ano de graduação de uma universidade pública. Através de análises fatoriais exploratórias e de conteúdo dos itens chegou-se a uma versão com 15 itens. Análises fatoriais confirmatórias e de correlação com construtos relacionados forneceram evidências de validade para a medida breve, e indicaram um bom ajuste dos dados ao modelo trifatorial. Os resultados sugerem que o instrumento tem o potencial de contribuir para a avaliação da motivação para aprendizagem na educação superior, ainda que aprimoramentos possam ser feitos no futuro.

The assessment of motivation to learn is a relevant aspect in educational contexts as motivation can influence student engagement, learning, and performance in academic tasks. The aim of this study was to propose a brief version of the Motivation Scale for Learning in University Students (EMAPRE-U Brief). The EMAPRE-U is a 28-item scale that assesses three motivational dimensions: the learning goal, the performance-approach goal, and the performance-avoidance goal. The study included 525 first-year undergraduate students at a public university. Through exploratory factor analysis and item content analysis, a 15-item version was developed. Confirmatory factor analysis and correlation with theoretically related constructs provided evidence of validity for the brief measure and indicated a good fit of the data to the three-factor model. The results suggest that the instrument has the potential to contribute to the assessment of motivation for learning in higher education, although improvements could be made in the future.

La evaluación de la motivación para aprender es un aspecto relevante en los contextos educativos, ya que la motivación puede influir en el compromiso, aprendizaje y desempeño del estudiante en las tareas académicas. El objetivo de este estudio fue proponer una versión breve de la Escala de Motivación para el Aprendizaje en Estudiantes Universitarios (EMAPRE-U Brief). La EMAPRE-U es una escala de 28 ítems que evalúa tres dimensiones motivacionales: metas de aprendizaje, metas de aproximación al rendimiento y metas de evitación del rendimiento. El estudio incluyó a 525 estudiantes de primer año de pregrado de una universidad pública. A través del análisis factorial exploratorio y el contenido de los ítems, se llegó a una versión de 15 ítems. Los análisis factoriales confirmatorios y las correlaciones con constructos relacionados proporcionaron evidencia de validez para la versión breve, e indicaron un buen ajuste de los datos al modelo de tres factores. Los resultados sugieren que el instrumento tiene el potencial de contribuir a la evaluación de la motivación para el aprendizaje en la educación superior, aunque podrían realizarse mejoras en el futuro.

Prevención de riesgo psicosocial en adolescentes: el rol de los Centros de Día de Menores en España / Prevention of psychosocial risk in adolescents: The role of Community Youth Centers in communities in Spain / Prevenção do risco psicossocial em adolescentes: O papel dos Centros de Dia Juvenis em Espanha

Resumen (analítico) El artículo analiza la función de los Centros de Día de Menores (CDM) como recursos especializados en la intervención socioeducativa con adolescentes en riesgo. Se trata de una investigación cualitativa, en la que se han integrado diferentes técnicas con el fin de triangular evidencias objetivas. En el plano metodológico participó una muestra de 30 profesionales, implementando diferentes técnicas: entrevistas y grupos de discusión. Los datos obtenidos se codificaron y categorizaron. Los resultados destacan la especificidad de los CDM como recurso de proximidad en el proceso de socialización y de acompañamiento progresivo, individualizado y flexible de adolescentes en riesgo. Las conclusiones inciden en la especialización del recurso en la atención a adolescentes que atraviesan procesos vitales complejos y en la consolidación del recurso como alternativa socioeducativa a la educación formal, utilizando en el territorio como generador de oportunidades.

Abstract (analytical) The article analyzes the role of Community Youth Centers (CDMs for their initials in Spanish) as a specialized resource for socio-educational interventions with at-risk adolescents. This is a qualitative investigation in which different techniques have been integrated in order to triangulate objective evidence. At the methodological level, 30 staff participated in different data collection processes (two discussion groups as well as semi-structured interviews). The data obtained was codified and categorized. The results highlight the specificity of the CDMs as an available resource for the process of socialization and the provision of gradual, progressive, individualized and flexible accompaniment to at-risk adolescents. The conclusions of the study recommend the specialization of the CDMs to support adolescents who are experiencing complex life processes and the consolidation of these centers as a socio-educational alternative that generates opportunities.

Resumo (analítico) O artigo analisa o papel desenvolvido pelos Centros de Dia de Menores (CDM) na intervenção socioeducativa com adolescentes em risco. Tratase de uma investigação qualitativa, na qual diferentes técnicas foram implementadas para triangular evidências objetivas. Ao nível metodológico, 30 profissionais participaram em grupos de discussão e entrevistas semiestruturadas. Os resultados destacam a especificidade do CDM como um recurso de proximidade no acompanhamento gradual, progressivo, individualizado e flexível de adolescentes em risco. As conclusões incidem sobre a especialização deste recurso na educação de adolescentes nos seus processos de vida complexos e na sua consolidação como alternativa socioeducativa à educação formal.

Association between Burnout Syndrome and medical training by specialty in first-year residents / Síndrome de burnout en residentes de primer año: asociación por especialidad

Abstract Introduction Burnout syndrome (BOS) comprises emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment in those affected. Instruments such as the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) can help to identify those affected. Physicians in training have been described as an at-risk group for this syndrome. Objective Describe the association between BOS and medical training by specialty in first-year residents. Method This is a cross-sectional analytical study of specialty residents at the Hospital Civil de Guadalajara. Sociodemographic data were obtained and the MBI was administered to identify BOS. Samples were compared, and a comparative analysis performed to identify factors associated with BOS. Results Eighty-eight residents were included, with 21.6% (n = 19) presenting BOS, 53.4% displaying emotional exhaustion (n = 47), 53.7% showing depersonalization (n = 47), and 39.8% reduced personal accomplishment (n = 35). Presenting BOS was not associated with sociodemographic characteristics or type of specialty. Work hours (ro = .229, p = .032), and a higher number of on-call hours/week (ro = .34, p = .001) were associated with higher BOS. Discussion and conclusion The prevalence of BOS was lower than expected. Over half scored for emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, which could be explained by a self-reporting bias. There was no association between the group/type of specialty and BOS. This study creates new knowledge that works as an institutional situational diagnosis, helps to determine the scope of the problem, and encourages to consider the contributing factors to its origin and maintenance.

Resumen Introducción El síndrome de burnout (SBO) comprende el agotamiento emocional, la despersonalización y la reducción de la realización personal en aquellos a quienes afecta. Instrumentos como el Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) pueden ayudar a identificar a los afectados. Los médicos en formación se han descrito como un grupo de riesgo para presentar este síndrome. Objetivo Describir la asociación entre el síndrome de burnout y la formación médica por especialidad en residentes de primer año. Método Se trata de un estudio analítico transversal de residentes de especialidad del Hospital Civil de Guadalajara. Se obtuvieron datos sociodemográficos y se administró el MBI para identificar SBO. Se compararon las muestras y se realizó un análisis comparativo para identificar los factores asociados con SBO. Resultados Se incluyeron 88 residentes, con 21.6% (n = 19) presentando SBO; 53.4% mostrando agotamiento emocional (n = 47); 53.7% (n = 47) mostrando despersonalización; y 39.8% (n = 35) reducción de realización personal. La presentación de SBO no se asoció a características sociodemográficas ni al tipo de especialidad. Las horas de trabajo (ro = .229, p = .032) y un mayor número de horas de guardia/semana (ro = .34, p = .001) se asociaron con una mayor BOS. Discusión y conclusión La prevalencia de SBO fue menor de lo esperado. Más de la mitad puntuó por agotamiento emocional y despersonalización, lo que podría explicarse por un sesgo en la autoevaluación. No hubo asociación entre el grupo/tipo de especialidad y SBO. Este estudio genera nuevos conocimientos que funcionan como un diagnóstico situacional institucional, ayuda a determinar el alcance del problema y alienta a considerar los factores que contribuyen a su origen y mantenimiento.

Adaptation to brazilian portuguese of the O*Net Interests Profiler: Short Form / Adaptação ao português brasileiro do O*Net Interests Profiler: Short Form / Adaptación al portugués brasilero del O*Net Interests Profiler: Short Form

This study aimed to adapt to the Brazilian Portuguese the O*NET Interests Profiler - Short Form. The instrument evaluates vocational interests according to the RIASEC model, which includes six types (Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional). Validity evidence was obtained through Principal Components Analysis, Multidimensional Scaling, correlations between secondary concepts from the theoretical model, and contrasts between groups. PCA results, the contrasts between selected occupational groups and correlational results between secondary concepts followed the theoretical expectations. However, the MDS results did not fully confirm the hexagonal structure. Overall results suggest the adapted instrument has acceptable evidence of validity. Further studies are suggested to increase the suitability of the Brazilian version of the instrument.

O objetivo deste estudo foi adaptar o O*NET Interests Profiler - Short Form para o português brasileiro. O instrumento avalia interesses vocacionais de acordo com o modelo RIASEC, que inclui seis dimensões (Realista, Investigativo, Artístico, Social, Empreendedor e Convencional). As evidências de validade foram obtidas por meio da Análise de Componentes Principais, Escalonamento Multidimensional, correlações entre os conceitos secundários do modelo teórico e contrastes entre grupos ocupacionais. Os resultados da ACP, dos contrastes entre os grupos selecionados e dos resultados das correlações entre os conceitos secundários confirmaram as expectativas teóricas. No entanto, os resultados do EMD não confirmaram totalmente a estrutura hexagonal. Em geral, os resultados sugerem que o instrumento adaptado apressenta evidências aceitáveis de validade. Estudos adicionais são sugeridos para aumentar a adequação da versão brasileira do instrumento.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo adaptar al portugués brasileño el O*NET Interests Profiler - Short Form. El instrumento evalúa los intereses vocacionales de acuerdo con el modelo RIASEC, que incluye seis dimensiones (Realista, Investigativo, Artístico, Social, Emprendedor y Convencional). Las evidencias de validez se obtuvieron mediante Análisis de Componentes Principales, Escalamiento Multidimensional, correlaciones entre los conceptos secundarios del modelo teórico y contrastes entre grupos ocupacionales. Los resultados del PCA, los contrastes entre los grupos seleccionados y los resultados de las correlaciones entre los conceptos secundarios confirmaron las expectativas teóricas. Sin embargo, los resultados del MDS solo confirmaron parcialmente la estructura hexagonal. Los resultados sugieren que el instrumento adaptado tiene evidencias aceptables de validez y confiabilidad. Se sugieren estudios adicionales para aumentar la idoneidad de la versión brasileña del instrumento.

Morphological characteristics of liver abscesses according its etiology / Características morfológicas de los abscesos hepáticos según su etiología

Although infrequent in the diagnostics areas, liver abscesses are of significant relevance, which is related to the high morbidity and mortality figures they can cause if they are not detected and treated in time. Although multiple operational classifications are described, the one most recognized for its usefulness is that related to its causative agent (pyogenic or bacterial infection, hydatid origin or secondary to infected hydatidosis, and amoebic or by invasive amebiasis). The objective of this article was to generate a study report regarding the morphological characteristics of liver abscesses, characterizing them according to their etiology, as well as describing their study and the latest recommended treatments.

Los abscesos hepáticos son entidades nosológicas de baja frecuencia, pero de significativa relevancia, la que se relacionada con las elevadas cifras de morbilidad y mortalidad que pueden causar si no son detectados y tratados a tiempo. Si bien se describen múltiples clasificaciones operacionales, aquella más reconocida por su utilidad es la relacionada a su agente causal (piógenos o bacterianos, hidatídicos o secundarios a hidatidosis infectada, y amebianos o por amebiasis invasora). El objetivo de este artículo fue generar un documento de estudio respecto de las características morfológicas de los abscesos hepáticos, caracterizándolos de acuerdo con su etiología, así como describir su estudio y tratamiento recomendado de acuerdo con el estado del arte.

Prevalencia de enfermedades infecciosas crónicas en autopsias clínicas / Prevalence of chronic infectious diseases in clinical autopsies

Las enfermedades infecciosas crónicas constituyen un problema de salud pública mundial al ser importante causa de mortalidad. En Guatemala no existen estudios postmortem recientes que aborden dicho tema, por lo que se desconoce su prevalencia en autopsias clínicas del país. El presente estudio se delimita las siguientes enfermedades: tuberculosis, candidiasis, neurocisticercosis, aspergilosis, coccidioidomicosis e histoplasmosis. Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia de las enfermedades infecciosas crónicas en autopsias clínicas. Material y Métodos: investigación descriptiva retrospectiva, basada en los datos de 909 boletas de protocolos completos de autopsias clínicas realizadas del año 2006 al 2015 en el Departamento de patología en el Hospital General San Juan de Dios de Guatemala

Toma de decisión según racionalidad / afectividad, entrenamiento y saturación cultural en situaciones multiculturales: Un estudio experimental con soldados para la paz / Decision making under rationality / affectivity, training, and cultural saturation in multicultural situations: An experimental study with peacekeepers

Los llamados modelos duales proponen dos tipos de procesamiento de la información, relacionados con los modos de tomar decisiones emocionales y racionales. La investigación realizada se focalizó en el estudio de la toma de decisión en soldados para el mantenimiento de la paz (i.e., Cascos Azules). Ellos integran el personal militar que envía la Organización Naciones Unidas (ONU) para mantener la paz y brindar ayuda humanitaria en zonas de conflicto. Se empleó un diseño factorial 2x2x2, con las variables independientes: modalidad decisoria, entrenamiento como soldado para la paz y saturación cultural de la situación observada, y con la variable dependiente respuesta de intervención en la situación observada. Según las reglas de la ONU, no se debería intervenir en las situaciones multiculturales presentadas en este estudio. Se corroboraron tres hipótesis: (a) la toma de decisión basada en el procesamiento racional de la información en comparación con la toma de decisión basada en el procesamiento afectivo / emocional, lleva a no intervenir, (b) los expertos en misiones militares de paz internacionales (i.e., militares con entrenamiento de casco azul) en comparación con los inexpertos (i.e., militares sin dicho entrenamiento) realizan menos intervenciones y (c) la alta saturación de elementos culturales de las escenas en comparación a las escenas de baja saturación de elementos culturales lleva a realizar menor cantidad de intervenciones. Adicionalmente, se halló que la tendencia individual a tomar decisiones racionales urgentes está asociada negativamente con el tiempo de reacción. Se discuten los resultados en relación al marco de las teorías duales.

The so called dual models that emerged in the70s suggest that there are two types of information processing with opposite characteristics to one another and are related to ways of making emotional and rational decisions. This research focused on the study of emotional and rational peace keepers' decision making. Peace keepers are military personnel that participate in United Nations Organization (UN) international forces in order to be deployed in conflict zones around the world to maintain peace and to provide humanitarian aid. In these missions, peacekeepers' behavior is ruled by codes which are committed to ensuring the highest standards of conduct in UN military operations. According to these UN rules, servicemen should not intervene in situations of not obvious risk or no imminent physical harm to civilians of the local population. It is worth noting that inappropriate peacekeepers ´interventions can have serious negative consequences in the mission. Consequently, in the predeployment stage peacekeepers are trained by qualified military personnel with core operational and cultural information related the country where they are going to be deployed to have an effective performance during their duty. At the moment of our research, Argentinian peacekeepers were deployed in Haiti. The objective of this study was to study the effects of the emotional / rational decision-making mode, the Argentine's soldiers training as peacekeeper, and the level of cultural saturation in the observed situations; over the decision to intervene in multicultural situations. For this study, a piece of software called SITDE with a series of audible videos that reflect different situations related to the UN peacekeeper mission was used. There were two SITDE versions that differed from each other due to the level of cultural representation. One version contains a set of videos with high typical Haitian´s cultural saturation. The other version, a set of homologous videos related to the other series, includes scenes with fewer aspects of Haitian´s elements. After watching each video participants had to decide whether to intervene or not to intervene in the observed scenes. They should report its decision by clicking on a screen displaying two buttons with the corresponding decision. The software recorded the participant's response and the response time of each scene. This study sought to corroborate three hypotheses about peacekeepers' decision making on culturally diverse scenes in which they had no danger of imminent attack: (a) decision making based on rational information processing compared to decision making based on affective / emotional processing leads to not intervene; (b) military experts in international peace missions (i.e., military with UN training) compared to the inexperienced (military with no UN training) make fewer interventions and (c) the high saturation of cultural elements of the scenes compared to scenes of low saturation of cultural elements leads to make fewer interventions. The hypotheses were verified through a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design. The 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design included the independent variables decision making modality, training as peace -keepers, and cultural saturation of the observed situation; and the dependent variable intervention in the observed situation. The military personnel´s decision-making was manipulated by differentiated instruction, and the cultural saturation of scenes was manipulated by the use of the two SITDE versions. Additionally, it has been analyzed the relationship between the individual trend to the emotional / rational decision-making and relevant variables. It was found that the individual trend to the rational decision making in urgent situations is negatively associated to the reaction time. The results are discussed related to the frame of the dual theories.

Cambios de la modalidad decisoria predominante en función de la edad: su relación con la efectividad de las decisiones tomadas por voluntarios en misiones de paz / Changes in the predominant mode of decision according to the age: its relation with the effectiveness of decisions made by volunteers in peacekeeping missions

Es sabido que para el logro de acciones eficaces, en contextos caracterizados por la diversidad cultural y la incertidumbre, se requieren estrategias decisorias que impliquen procesamiento de modalidad intuitiva o analítica, según las circunstancias (Azzollini, Torres, Depaula, Clotet & Nistal, 2010). El objetivo de este trabajo es determinar experimentalmente si existen diferencias en los modos de procesamiento de la información y la eficacia a la hora de tomar decisiones, en función de la edad de los sujetos. Se evaluó la modalidad de procesamiento decisoria y la efectividad de las decisiones tomadas por 116 soldados voluntarios de distintas edades, en diferentes situaciones en las que se manipuló experimentalmente el grado de incertidumbre cultural. Los resultados indican que los sujetos con mayor edad presentan una clara tendencia hacia el uso de procesos predominantemente intuitivos en la toma de decisiones (F=3.473, p=0.034), con una pérdida marginalmente significativa de la eficacia (F=3.045, p=0.052).

It is known that to achieve effective action in contexts characterized by cultural diversity and uncertainty, decision-making strategies are needed that involve processing or analytical intuitive mode, depending on circumstances (Azzollini, Torres, Depaula, Clotet & Nistal, 2010). The objective of this study was to determine experimentally whether there are differences in the ways of processing information and efficiency in decision making, depending on the age of the subjects. It's been evaluated the mode of processing and determining the effectiveness of decisions made by 116 volunteer soldiers of different ages, in different situations in which they experimentally manipulated the level of cultural uncertainty. The results indicate that older subjects show a clear trend towards the use of predominantly intuitive processes in decision-making (F=3,473, p=0.034), with a marginally significant loss of eficacy (F=3,045, p=0.052).

Avaliação do sistema Quantec SC usado nas velocidades de 350 ou 700rpm em retratamento endodôntico / Evaluation of Quantec SC instrument, using speed at 350 or 700rpm in endodontic retreatment

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a capacidade do sistema rotatório Quantec SC de remover guta-percha e/ou cimento de canais quando usado na velocidade de 350 ou 700rpm. Vinte incisivos inferiores extraídos foram obturados pela técnica da condensação lateral com guta-percha e cimento Ketac-Endo. Após seis meses as obturações foram removidas com o sistema rotatório Quantec SC na velocidade de 350 ou 700rpm. Inicialmente foram avaliados o tempo para a remoção da obturação, a extrusão de material obturador bem como o desvio do trajeto do canal, perfuração e a fratura de instrumento. A seguir os dentes foram seccionados longitudinalmente e a limpeza das paredes dos canais foi avaliada usando o software Sigma Scan. Aos dados obtidos foi aplicado o teste estatístico de Kruskal-Wallis. Observou-se que todos os canais exibiram resíduos de material obturador; a 700rpm o tempo de remoção da obturação foi menor, porém,a 350rpm menor quantidade de resíduos de guta-percha e cimento foram observadas. Quanto a extrusão de material obturador, não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas entre as velocidades de 350 e 700rpm. Fraturas de instrumento ocorreram em ambas as velocidades sendo mais frequentes no instrumento nº5; o número de perfurações e desvios do trajeto do canal foi maior na velocidade de 350rpm. Conclui-se que os instrumentos rotatórios do sistema Quantec SC podem ser utilizados para desobstrução de canais na velocidade de 700rpm.

The aim of this study was compare the ability of Quantec SC rotary system to remove gutta-percha and sealer from root canal when used using speed, 350 or 700rpm. Twelve extracted mandibular incisors were filled by lateral condensation with gutta-percha and Ketac-Endo sealer. After six months the root canal obturations were removed with Quantec SC rotary system, at speed of 350 or 700rpm. The teeth were grooved longitudinally and evaluated using the Sigma ScanII software. Were evaluated: time to gutta-percha removal, canal wall cleanliness and extruded material. The Kruskal- Wallis on-way analysis of variance was used to identify any significance differences amongst two groups. The number of canal transportation and fracture instruments was also recorded. All examined teeth had filling residues in the rootcanal; in 700rpm the time of work was reduced but at 350rpm more gutta-percha and cements was removed. Extruded material did not show difference at 350 or 700rpm. Procedures errors, instrument fractures occurred in both speed but most frequently in # 5 instrument; canal transportation and perforation occurred most in 350rpm. According to this studyQuantec SC system could be used at 700 rpm to root canal obsturation remotion.

Hipercolesterolemia familiar heterocigota: diagnóstico molecular y terapia combinada. Caso clínico / Molecular diagnosis and combined lipid lowering therapy of heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: Report of one case

Heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia affects one every 400 individuals, is caused by mutations in the LDL receptor gene and is associated with premature coronary artery disease. Nowadays, LDL cholesterol can be efficiently reduced with the new therapies to reduce blood lipids. We report a female patient who consulted in 1975, when she was 46 years old, for severe hypercholesterolemia. In 2003, a sample of leukocyte DNA was obtained and the uncommon 1705 + 1G >A mutation of the LDL receptor gene was detected. No mutations in the apolipoprotein B gene were found. The patient was treated successfully with simvastatin 80 mg/day and ezetimibe 10 mg/day and LDL cholesterol levels were reduced below 200 mg/dl.

Inter-relação periodontia e cirurgia parendodôntica na solução de casos com envolvimento de grandes perdas ósseas por lesões endoperiodontais / Interrelation between periodontology and parendodontic cirurgy to solve clinical cases involving great bond loss caused by endoperiiodontic lesions

Em casos de lesão periodontais e endodônticas podemos relacionar o grau de envolvimento devido a dignóstico radiográfico, porém o prognóstico nem sempre é favorável visto que a presença de lesões dessa natureza compromete decisivamente a permanência do dente na cavidade bucal. Foi avaliado um caso grave de perda envonvendo lesão endo-perio onde, pela presença de radiolucidez caracterizando uma lesão combinada e avaliando as possíveis seqüelas pós-terapia individual, foi planejada a terapia em conjunto pela existência de uma falha no tratamento endodôntico