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Periodontology is one of the important disciplines in oral clinical medicine, which covers a wide range of subjects and intersects with many basic disciplines. Under the environment of the implementation of modular teaching in Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, the assessment method with separate propositions for the teaching and research section is still adopted. There is a mismatch between the assessment mode and the curriculum setting; the basic subject propositions are difficult to be combined with clinical cases; the knowledge point assessment is single, and the students' ability to integrate the knowledge points cannot be assessed. The development and construction of the comprehensive examination database for periodontology was based on curriculum integration, gathering the teaching backbones of various disciplines, focusing on periodontology, radiating all related disciplines, unifying the proposition outline, proposition type, proposition principle, combining with relevant knowledge points of various disciplines based on clinical cases, and tried to apply to clinical students majoring in stomatology. The use of the examination database promotes students' ability to flexibly apply theoretical knowledge to clinical case analysis, further promotes the reform of modular teaching, lays a solid foundation for future clinical work, and meanwhile provides an important basis for directions of the teaching and research section.
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Objective To analyze the imaging characteristics of contrast-enhanced ultrasound(CEUS) and dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging ( CEMRI) for diagnosis of hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma ,and to increase the accuracy of diagnostic imaging . Methods The imaging characteristics of CEUS and dynamic CEMRI in 11 patients with hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma confirmed by surgical pathology or fine needle aspiration biopsy were retrospectively analyzed . Results On conventional ultrasound ,14 lesions in 11 patients showed hypoechoic . The peripheral blood flow was detected in most patients by color Doppler flow imaging and the average resistant index was 0 .62 ± 0 .05 . During the arterial phase ,6 lesions showed diffuse enhancement ,6 lesions showed annular enhancement and 2 lesions showed branch enhancement .As to time of peak enhancement ,compared to the normal hepatic parenchyma ,hypoenhancement ,isoenhancement and hyperenhancement were observed in 1 lesion ,7 lesions and 6 lesions respectively . Synchronous enhancement was observed in 8 lesions on contrast-enhanced ultrasound ,rapid enhancement was observed in 5 lesions and slow enhancement was observed in 1 lesion and all lesions decreased quickly in portal phase and delayed phase . On CEMRI ,all lesions showed low signal on TIWI ,high signal on T2WI and DWI . There were 5 lesions showed obvious annular constant enhancement and 1 lesion showed obvious annular progressive enhancement . Progressive peripheral enhancement and fully filling in delayed phase were found in 4 lesions .While progressive peripheral enhancement and incompletely filling in delayed phase were found in 3 lesions . One lesion displayed constant enhancement and incompletely filling in delayed phase . Halo sign" , lollipopsign" , capsular retraction sign" and vessel sign" were appeared in 6 ,7 ,8 and 8 patients respectively . Conclusions Both contrast-enhanced ultrasound and CEMRI have characteristic manifestations for the diagnosis of hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma and cominbing them would be great significance to improve the preoperative diagnostic accuracy .
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Objective To evaluate the value of S-Detect technology of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of thyroid tumors. Methods Ninety-three thyroid tumors in 93 patients were enrolled in the group.A varied image features of the thyroid masses in gray-scale ultrasonography were analyzed by S-Detect technology and experienced doctor separately.The results were compared and the diagnostic ability were also compared between the two methods. Results There were 44 malignant tumors and 49 benign tumors in these thyroid nodules.The sensitivity of S-Detect technology in the diagnosis of thyroid malignant tumors was higher,up to 88.7%. In the five image features of the thyroid tumors in gray-scale ultrasonography,the result of composition of the mass obtained by S-Detect was the most consistent with that of the doctors and Kappa value was 0.89.Conclusions S-Detect is a kind of computer-aided diagnosis system,which is suitable for the ultrasound beginners in the diagnosis of thyroid tumors.
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This paper reports a case with severe chronic periodontitis who was eventually diagnosed with extensive internal and external apical root resorption due to the ineffective fixation of loose teeth after treatment by guided tissue regenaration.
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Objective To investigate the imaging features of dysplastic nodules with a focus of hepatocellular carcinoma ( DN-HCC ) on contrast-enhanced ultrasound ( CEUS ) and to improve the diagnostic accuracy . Methods The clinical data of 60 patients and CEUS imaging of 62 hepatic nodules [DN-HCCs , n =54 ;dysplastic nodules (DN) , n =8] pathologically proved were reviewed retrospectively . According to Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (CEUS LI-RADS) , the lesions were categorized . Results Significantly different CEUS patterns between DN-HCCs and DNs were observed ( P < 0 .05) . During the arterial phase ,54 DN-HCC lesions showed various enhancement patterns [ hypervascular ,59 .3％ ( 32/54 ) ;nodule-in-nodule ,9 .3％ ( 5/54 ) ;isovascular ,13 .0％ ( 7/54 ) and hypovascular ,18 .5％ (10/54)] . Of the 54 DN-HCC lesions ,44 .4％ (24/54) showed washout during the late phase .Of the 8 DN lesions ,62 .5％ (5/8) showed iso-enhancement during the arterial phase ,25％ (2/8) showed hypo-enhancement ,and 12 .5％ (1/8) showed hyper-enhancement . No DN lesion showed washout during the late phase .According to CEUS LI-RADS (LR) algorithm ,27 .8％ (15/54) DN-HCCs were LR-5 ,46 .3％ (25/54) DN-HCCs were LR-4 ,25 .9％ (14/54) DN-HCCs and 100％ (8/8) DNs were LR-3 . Regarding hyper-enhancement ( including local hyper-enhancement ) during the arterial phase or hypo-enhancement (including local hypo-enhancement) during the late phase as the diagnostic standard of DN-HCC , the diagnostic sensitivity , specificity and accuracy value were 83 .3％ , 87 .5％ and 83 .9％ , respectively . Conclusions The imaging features of hyper-enhancement during the arterial phase or hypo-enhancement during the late phase on CEUS are useful to diagnose DN-HCCs .
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Objective·To investigate and analyze periodontal health knowledge and behaviors in medical students and the relationship of these knowledge and behaviors with periodontal health status, and to determine the periodontal health level of this population. Methods·A total of 602 medical students were included in this cross-sectional epidemiological study. The questionnaire covered sociodemographic information, periodontal health-related behaviors and knowledge, experience about themselves, and periodontal health of parents, etc. Meanwhile, periodontal health indices of index teeth were examined, including probing depth (PD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), and bleeding on probing (BOP), etc. Results·Of 570 subjects aged 16-26 who completed the survey, 79.82% never used dental floss, and 78.25% never underwent periodontal debridement. 50.25% of the index teeth had BOP, and only 0.70% of the subjects had no BOP. 81.05% of the subjects had some degree of periodontal attachment loss. Male students were more susceptible to periodontitis (P=0.027) and gingivitis (P=0.012) than female students. Conclusion·No new risk factors affecting the periodontal health are identified. Regular periodontal cleaning and protection are important for young people to prevent periodontitis.
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Objective To observe the morphological changes of carotid artery wall by ultrasonography in patients with Takayasu arteritis,and to evaluate the diagnostic value of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography for active Takayasu arteritis.Methods High-frequency ultrasound technique was used to analyze the morphological changes of the carotid artery in 40 patients.NIH score was used as the gold standard and the complete clinical data and acute phase reactors were recorded.T test,Chi-square test,sensitivity and specificity were calculated for statistical analysis.Results The thickness of carotid artery wall in active group was much more thickened than the non-active group [(2.2±0.6) mm vs (1.8±0.5) mm,t=-2.142,P＜0.05].The CDD [(0.89±0.06) in active group vs (0.95±0.03) in non-active group,t=3.683,P＜0.01] and RDD [(0.17±0.06 in active group vs (0.09±0.05) in non-active group,t=-4.020,P＜0.01] were significantly different between the two groups.The distribution of neovascularization in the carotid artery wall of the active group was more diffuse in the central part of the wall.The sensitivity and specificity of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography to diagnose the active of Takayasu arteritis were 72.7％ and 87.5％ respectively,and the positive predictive value and the negative predictive value were 80.0％ and 82.4％ respectively.Conclusion Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography can be used as an effective way to assess the disease activity of TA patients.
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Objective To explore the enhancement pattern and characterization of hepatic hemangionmas with contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS).Methods A total of 44 patients with 49 nodules preliminary diagnosed of liver hemangioma were included in this study.For each nodule,the enhancement pattern,level,and dynamic change of CEUS were evaluated,and the features of hemangionmas were groups as echoic and compared with those on CEUS.Results All hemangiomas enhanced in arterial phase with centripetal progression in venous and late phase on CEUS,among which 41 lesions showed peripheral nodular enhancement while 8 showed peripheral rim-like enhancement.The whole-tumor enhancement pattern was seen in 13 lesions and part-tumor enhancement was shown in 36 lesions.The performance of part-tumor was independent of tumor echoic and hypoechoic tumors mostly presented to be whole tumor enhancement pattern.During portal venous and late phase,42 lesions showed hyperenhancement,while 7 lesions showed isoenhancement.Conclusions CEUS can suggest the enhancement dynamic characters of hepatic giant hemangionmas and reveals the relationship of grey-scale echoic and enhancement pattern of hemangiomas.It is important to diagnose the hepatic giant hemangionmas for CEUS.
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Objective To evaluate the feasibility of virtual touch tissue quantification (VTQ) for the assessment of renal allograft.Methods A total of 72 kidney recipients were examined with conventional ultrasound and VTQ after transpantation.Biopsies were performed in 34 patients,20 patients were with acute rejection (AR),14 with chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN),38 patients as control group.The peak systolic velocity (PSV) and resistance index(RI) were measured on main,infrarenal and arcuate arteries with conventional ultrasound and shear wave velocity (SWV) of the renal cortex was obtained by VTQ.All the data were compared among three groups.Results There were no significant differences of PSV between two groups.An increased RI was presented in the CAN group(P ＜0.05).The mean SWV was (2.67 ± 0.27) m/s,(2.90 ± 0.31)m/s and (2.28 ± 0.24)m/s for AR,CAN and normal group,respectively.There were significant differences of SWV among the three groups (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions VTQ technique could provide a new method for the assessment of transplanted kidney.
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Objective To investigate the effect of gene transfection to mice's muscle combining polyethyleneimine (PEI) with ultrasound (US)-targeted microbubble (MB) destruction (UTMD).Methods Twenty-five female Balb/c mice were divided into 5 groups (5 mice per group) randomly.Plasmid DNA (20 μg) encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP) was used as expresion vector.The transfection materials were injected into the bilateral tibialis anterior muscles of mice respectively and delivered as follows:(a) untreated control,(b) plasmid + US,(c) plasmid + US + MB,(d) plasmid + PEI,(e) plasmid + PEI + US,(f) plasmid + PEI + MB+ US.SonoVue MB was used at a final concentration of 30％ (v/v).The acoustic intensity and duty cycle were optimized before the study and set at 2.0 W/cm2 and 50％ respectively.Transfection efficiency was assessed by counting the number of GFP-positive fibers under fluorescence microscopy 10 days after gene delivery.Hematoxylin-Eosin staining was performed on separate specimen and examined with light microscopy for tissue damage.Results No GFP-positive fiber was found in the untreated control group.There were 14 ± 3,58 ± 6,96 ± 7,119 ± 11 and 158 ± 18 GFP-positive fibers respectively found in plasmid+ US,plasmid + MB + US,plasmid + PEI,plasmid + PEI + US,and plasmid + PEI + MB + US groups.The plasmid + PEI + MB + US group had the maximal GFP-positive fibers,the differences were significant compared with other groups (P ＜0.05).No evidence of inflammation or necrosis was revealed in histological examination with hematoxylin-eosin staining.Conclusions PEI combining with UTMD can significantly improve efficiency of gene transfection in vivo and has great potential in gene therapy.
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Objective To compare and analyze the similarities and differences of the blood perfusion characteristics of the renal pelvic carcinoma displayed by contrast-enhanced ultrasonography(CEUS) and contrast-enhanced computed tomography(CECT).Methods The characteristics of CEUS and CECT were anzlyzed retrospectively in 40 confirmed renal pelvic carcinoma cases by operation and pathology.The modality and phases of enhancement,including wash-in and washout time,as well as the perfusion appearances,were observed by CEUS and CECT.Results CEUS detected the cortical phase enhancement in all renal pelvic tumors,including synchronously enhancement in 14 tumors and delayed enhancement in 26 tumors.At peak times,hypoechogenicity compared to the normal renal cortex was shown in 31 tumors,hyperechogenicity in 4 tumors and isoechogenicity in 5 tumors.Fast wash-out in medulla phase was displayed in 35 tumors,isochronously wash-out in 2 tumors and delayed wash-out in 3 tumors.The minimum diameter in 40 renal pelvic tumors was 1.5 cm.CECT showed the enhancement in 38 tumors,mostly mild to moderate homogeneous enhancement,and enhancement was lower than the surrounding renal parenchyma.The diagnostic accuracy of CEUS was 77.5％ (31/40),and the diagnostic accuracy of CECT was 82.5 ％ (33/40).The difference was not statistically significant between CEUS and CECT ( P ＞0.05).Conclusions CEUS and CECT have higher diagnostic accuracy of the renal pelvic carcinoma,so the joint detection can increase the detection rate of early diagnosis of the renal pelvic carcinoma.
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Objective To varify contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) quantitative analysis plaque enhancement is able to assess the intraplaque neovascularization.Methods The abdominal aortas were examined with CEUS in 9 atherosclerosis rabbits established by feeding high-fat diet.Sonographic examinations were performed with ultrasound instruments equipped with low mechanical index contrast imaging software.Contrast agent SonoVue was used with a dose of 0.2 ml,The enhanced intensity (EI) with the plaque and the ratio of EI within the plaque to that in the lumen of the carotid artery was calculated with QLab software,Each aorta specimen was stained with F8 (von willebrand factor) for mierovessel.The quantitative parameters EI and ratio were compared with the immunohistochemical study results.Results The mean value of EI and ratio were (3.91 ± 0.87)dB and 0.30 ± 0.06,respectively.Five specimens showed positive F8 staining and 4 showed negative.EI and ratio were significantly greater in positive group than in negative group [(4.47 ± 0.60) dB vs (3.22 ± 0.62) dB,0.34 ± 0.05 vs 0.25 ± 0.05].CEUS quantitative parameters EI ( r =0.779,P =0.013) and ratio ( r =0.693,P =0.019) were correlated to microvessels marked with F8,respectively.Conclusions It is histologically validated that CEUS quantifies the neovascularization in atherosclerosis plaques.CEUS provides a window for plaque risk stratification.
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ObjectiveTo investigate the diagnostic value of color Doppler ultrasound for peripheral intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC).MethodsNinety- five patients with ICC which were confirmed histopathologically were retrospectively studied.The features on color Doppler ultrasound were analyzed.ResultsThere were 102 tumors which ranged from 20 mm× 20 mm to 130 mm× 100 mm in size.On gray-scale ultrasonic imaging,a large proportion of the tumors presented with inhomogeneous echo (n=75,73.5％), indefinite boundaries (n =70, 68.6％),and irregular shape (n=55,53.9％).On color Doppler ultrasonic imaging,most tumors had flow signals (75,73.5％) mainly in the shape of areatus,short- line and color-dot.Most flow signals had a resistant index greater than 0.6.Of the 102 tumors,thirty-seven (36.3％) were observed to produce streak hyperecho,twentynine (28.4％) slight attenuation in the rear and 22 (21.6％) unbilical depression.The coincidence rate with ultrasound was 84.2％(80/95). ConclusionsThe features of peripheral intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma on color Doppler ultrasound are characteristic.To be able to appreciate these features is helpful to improve on the accuracy rate of ultrasound.
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Objective To investigate the value of quantitative analysis in the diagnosis of renal lesions with contrast-enhanced ultrasound.Methods Sixty cases with renal lesions confirmed by surgery and pathology underwent contrast-enhanced ultrasound preoperatively and quantitative analysis retrospectively.The Sonoliver software was applied in the analysis of CEUS imaging and in the recoustruction of quantitative parameter,s.Five parameters were calculated,including the maximum intensity (IMAX),rise time (RT),time to peak (TTP),mean transit time (mTT) and area under the curve (AUC).Results There were statistically differences in parameters RT,mTT and AUC ( P ＜ 0.05) and significant differences in parameter IMAX ( P ＜0.01).In malignant tumors,the RT and mTT were less than that of the benign while IMAX and AUC were more than that of the benign.Conclusions Contrast-enhanced ultrasound using a quantitative parametric analysis offers more information and is a promising tool in the diagnosis and differentiation of renal masses.
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Objective To evaluate the feasibility of three-dimensional contrast-enhanced ultrasound (3D-CEUS) in showing vascular patterns of renal tumors.Methods The images of 3D-CEUS examination were retrospectively analyzed in one hundred and twenty one renal tumors which were confirmed sequentially by pathology.3D-CEUS was performed after conventional ultrasound and contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS).The 3D-CEUS images were reconstructed by QLAB workstation and classified into 4 grades based on the blood supply characteristics.Results All the tumors were confirmed by pathology and operations,including clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC) (n=91),papillary renal cell carcinoma (PRCC) (n=5),chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (CRCC) (n=5),renal angiomyolipoma (RAML) (n=19),and cystic nephroma (n=1).Three-dimensional reconstruction could provide clear stereoscopic views of the interested structures and morphological characteristics of lesions.The three-dimensional ultrasonography of a particular renal tumor could be a mixture of different basic grades.There were significant differences between benign and malignant renal tumors in 3D-CEUS.The image quality was the best in early parenchymal phase comparing to other phases.In early parenchymal phase,84 RCCs (83.17%) were tortuous expansive reticular or irregular messy dendritic,61 cases (60.40%) with filling defect areas and 15 cases (14.85%) with pseudocapsules.Grade Ⅲ and Grade Ⅳ were the main vascular patterns in maglinant tumors.In early parenchymal phase,6 RAMLs (31.58%) were nebulous with dendritic in part,12 cases(63.16%) were reticular on the basis of nebulous with homogeneous internal structures.The vascular pattern was shown better in 3D-CEUS than CEUS.Conclusions 3D-CEUS can provide clear stereoscopic structures and morphological characteristics of the lesions,it is a useful adjuvant of CEUS for the diagnosis of renal tumors.
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Objective To evaluate contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging of carotid atherosclerosis with different stenostic degree as a clinical tool to study intraplaque neovascularization.Methods Fifty-eight patients suspected of carotid stenosis with 73 plaques were studied by standard and contrast-enhanced ultrasound.Plaque echogenicity at standard ultrasound were evaluated.Contrast enhancement within the plaques was categorized as 0 - 4 degree and compared to the stenosis degree and the plaque echogenicity.The degree of stenosis was determined by intravenous digital subtraction angiography.Results In the group with stenosis less than 90% ,stenosis degree was not associated with the grade of contrast enhancement (P =0.358),while the grade of enhancement was significantly higher in the group with sever stenosis(＞90%).The grades of enhancement were significantly different between plaques with different echogenicity (P =0.000).Conclusions Contrast-enhanced real-time ultrasound imaging can demonstrate the enhancement of carotid plaques non-invasively,which is helpful for assessing intraplaque neovascularization and provide valuable information for plaque risk stratification
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Objective To explore the diagnostic value of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) in ureteral lesions.Methods The ultrasonogram of conventional ultrasound and CEUS were retrospectively analyzed in 19 confirmed ureteral lesions cases by operation and pathology.The size,inner echoes,boundary and color blood signal of ureteral lesions were observed by conventional ultrasound.The modality and phases of enhancement,including arrival time,peak time,washout time and appearance of internal structure,were observed by CEUS.Results The 19 ureteral tumors were of maximum widths between 2.1 to 7.7 cm.Conventional ultrasound showed 7 hypoechoic masses,10 isoechoic masses,1 hyperechoic mass and 1 unclear mass.Color Doppler flow imaging showed fairly rich blood signal in 8 tumors,a small amount of blood signal around tumor in 6 tumors and no blood signal in the rest.In early phase,CEUS showed enhancement in all 19 ureteral lesions,including synchronously enhancement in 8 tumors and delayed enhancement in 11 tumors.In peak time,hypoechogenicity compared to the normal renal cortex was shown in 3 tumors,hyperechogenicity in 11 tumors and isoechogenicity in 5 tumors.In late phase,fast wash-out was displayed in 16 tumors,isochronously wash-out in 1 tumor,delayed wash-out in 1 tumor and unclear in 1 tumor.The detection rates of blood supply and clear boundary in ureteral lesions and the diagnostic sensitivity for ureteral cancer were 74% (14/19),16% (3/19),50% (8/16) by conventional ultrasound respectively.The detection rates of blood supply and clear boundary in ureteral lesions and the diagnostic sensitivity for ureteral cancer were 100% (19/19) ,58% (11/19) ,94% (15/16) by CEUS respectively.The change of these performances was statistically significant between conventional ultrasound and CEUS.Conclusions CEUS can improve blood supply,boundary and the diagnostic sensitivity of ureteral lesions.
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Objective To assess the value of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in the differential diagnosis of focal liver lesions before microwave ablation. Methods One hundred and seven patients with 128 focal liver lesions underwent CEUS and color Doppler flow imaging (CDFI) before microwave ablation therapy. The diagnostic performance of CEUS and CDFI was compared with pathologic findings through biopsy. Results The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value, accuracy of CEUS for diagnosing liver lesions was 98.35% (119/121), 100% (7/7), 100% (119/119), 77.78% (7/9) and 98.44% (126/128), respectively, higher than those of CDFI (P＜0.001). According to CEUS, 119 malignant lesions were treated with timely microwave ablation, while unnecessary microwave ablation was excluded for 7 benign lesions. Conclusion CEUS is useful in the characterization of focal liver tumors before microwave ablation, and is helpful to reduce the misdiagnosis and mistreatment of the patients.
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Objective To explore the potential value of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) in diagnosis of renal pelvic carcinoma. Methods The ultrasonogram of conventional ultrasound and CEUS were analyzed retrospectively in 22 patients of renal pelvic carcinoma proved pathologically. The size, echo, boundary and color flow signal of renal pelvic lesions were observed with conventional ultrasound. The enhancement modality and phase of tumors were also observed with CEUS, including wash-in and wash-out time, as well as the perfusion appearances. Results The maximum diameters ranged from 1.5 cm to 8.5 cm in 22 renal pelvic tumors. Conventional ultrasound detected flat mass in 7 tumors, irregular mass in 15 tumors; the same side hydronephrosis in 11 patients. Color Doppler flow imaging (CDFI) disclosed fairly rich flow signal of 5 tumors, a small amount of flow signal around tumor in 9 tumors and no-flow signal in the rest tumors. CEUS detected the cortical phase enhancement in all renal pelvic tumors, including synchronously enhancement in 8 tumors and delayed enhancement in 14 tumors. In peak time, hypoechogenicity compared to the normal renal cortex was showed in 18 tumors, hyperechogenicity in 3 tumors and isoechogenicity in 1 tumor. Fast wash-out in medulla phase was displayed in 20 tumors, isochronously wash-out in 1 tumor and delayed wash-out in 1 tumor. The diagnostic accuracy of the conventional ultrasound and CEUS was 63.64% (14/22) and 81.82% (18/22), respectively. Conclusion CEUS can depict blood flow supply and improve the diagnostic rate of renal pelvic carcinoma.
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Objective To probe the correlation between the short-axis diameter(SD) of coagulation necosis and the microwave power(P) using a new type of internally cooled microwave antenna in ex vivo and in vivo liver model.Methods Fourteen microwave ablations were performed in swine livers ex vivo and canine livers in vivo under the microwave powers of 30-90W and the durations of 10 min and 20 min, respectively.The short-axis diameter(SD) and the long-axis diameter(LD) of the coagulation were measured.The difference of SD, LD and SD/LD in swine liver ex vivo and canine liver in vivo were compared.The relationship between the SD and microwave power was analysised using linear regression model.Results Under the same conditions,the SDs and LDs of the coagulations of canine livers in vivo were smaller than those of swine livers in ex vivo (P <0.01).There was such a higher linear relationship(r = 0.96-0.99, P <0.01) between the SD of coagulation and the power in vivo liver model as the results acquired in ex vivo.Conclusions Although the blood flow decreased the SDs of the coagulation of microwave ablation in liver in vivo, but there was still a higher linear relationship between SD and microwave power.