Valor nutritivo e cinética de degradação in vitro de genótipos de capim-elefante (Penissetum purpureum Schumach) sob dois intervalos de desfolhação e duas alturas de resíduo pós-pastejo / Nutritive value and in vitro kinetics degradation of elephant grass genotypes (Penissetum purpureum Schumach) under two intervals of defoliation and two post-grazing heights

O experimento foi conduzido na Embrapa Gado de Leite, em Coronel Pacheco, MG, com o objetivo de avaliar o valor nutritivo e a cinética de degradação in vitro de genótipos de capim-elefante submetidos ao pastejo, usando-se a técnica de mob-grazing. Utilizou-se a combinação fatorial (2x2x2), sendo dois genótipos de capim-elefante (BRS Kurumi e CNPGL 00-1-3), duas interceptações luminosas (IL) à entrada dos animais nos piquetes (90 e 95%) e duas alturas de resíduo pós-pastejo (30 e 50cm), dispostos num delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com três repetições. Para o pastejo, foram usadas 24 novilhas mestiças Holandês x Zebu, com 190kg. O genótipo BRS Kurumi apresentou maior teor de PB (15,65%), menor teor de FDN (60,35%), maior coeficiente de digestibilidade (70,04%) e mais alta taxa de degradação (2,62% h1) em relação ao outro genótipo, quando manejados a 90% IL. O manejo a 95% de IL e resíduo de 30cm favoreceu mais altos teores de PB (14,04%) e coeficientes de DIVMS (69,81%) e mais baixos teores de FDN (60,61%), independentemente do genótipo. Assim, recomenda-se a utilização do genótipo Kurumi, manejado a 90% de IL e resíduo de 30cm, quando se leva em consideração o valor nutritivo da forragem.(AU)

The experiment was conducted at Embrapa Gado de Leite, Coronel Pacheco, MG, to evaluate the nutritive value and the in vitro kinetics of degradation of elephant grass genotypes under rotational grazing. The treatments consisted of a factorial combination (2x2x2), two genotypes of elephant grass (BRS Kurumi and CNPGL 00-1-3), two light interceptions (LI) at initiation of grazing (90 and 95%) and two post-grazing heights (30 and 50cm), arranged in a completely randomized design with three replications. Grazing animals were 24 Holstein Zebu crossbred heifers with 190kg BW. The genotype BRS Kurumi has a higher CP content (15.65%), lower NDF content (60.35%), higher digestibility (70.04%) and higher rate of degradation (2.62% h-1) in relation to CNPGL 00-1-3 when managed under 90% of LI. The management based on 95% of LI and 30cm of residual height promote higher CP content (14.04%) and coefficient of IVDMD (69.81%), as well as lower NDF content (60.61%), regardless of genotype. Thus, taking into account the nutritional value of forage, it is recommended to use the genotype BRS Kurumi managed under 90% of LI and 30cm of post-grazing residue.(AU)

HEPATIC LESIONS IN CATTLE GRAZING ON Brachiaria decumbens IN MESETAS, META (COLOMBIA) / LESIONES HEPÁTICAS EN BOVINOS MANTENIDOS EN PASTURAS DE Brachiaria decumbens EN MESETAS, META (COLOMBIA)

Brachiaria spp. is the predominate pasture grass for cattle grazing in the Orinoco watershed in Colombia. However, it has been recognized that this grass can cause liver damage, leading to photosensitization in ruminants; such injury is caused by the steroidal saponins found in this plant. Liver samples taken from five clinically-healthy bulls' left and right liver lobes and portal vein entrance were processed by routine histological techniques to evaluate liver lesions caused by Brachiaria decumbens in cattle grazing on Colombia's Eastern plains. The main lesions observed in these tissues were mononuclear cell cholangiohepatitis, foamy macrophages, moderate bile pigment accumulation, hepatocyte death, binucleated hepatocytes, moderate bile duct hyperplasia and multiple foci of mild fibrosis in portal areas; these were corroborated by Masson's trichrome staining. Such lesions were predominantly distributed at the portal vein entrance, frequently being located in the periportal region. This type of lesion has usually been attributed to Brachiaria decumbens consumption, and was present in clinically healthy animals exclusively feeding on this type of grass. Thus we conclude that the tissue alterations found herein were caused by Brachiaria decumbens. This research should be expanded to involve a larger selection of cattle populations, throughout a broader geographical region.

En la Orinoquía colombiana hay una considerable cantidad de ganado bovino que se alimenta predominantemente de Brachiaria spp. Sin embargo, se ha reconocido que esta pastura puede ocasionar daño hepático y posterior fotosensibilización en rumiantes, por las saponinas esteroidales que contiene. Con el propósito de evaluar las lesiones hepáticas en ganado bovino procedente de los Llanos Orientales colombianos, se tomaron y procesaron, mediante técnicas histológicas de rutina, muestras de hígado de los lóbulos derecho e izquierdo, así como de la entrada de la vena porta de cinco toros clínicamente sanos. Las principales lesiones observadas en estos tejidos fueron colangiohepatitis mononuclear, macrófagos espumosos, acumulación moderada de pigmentos biliares, muerte de hepatocitos, hepatocitos binucleados, moderada hiperplasia de ductos biliares y múltiples focos de fibrosis leve en áreas periportales, que fueron corroborados por tinción tricrómica de Masson. Estas lesiones se distribuyeron predominantemente en la entrada de la vena porta y se localizaron con frecuencia en la entrada de la región periportal. Dado que estas lesiones se atribuyen comúnmente al consumo de Brachiaria decumbens, y estaban presentes en animales clínicamente sanos exclusivamente alimentados con esta pastura, se concluye que las lesiones aquí encontradas fueron causadas por la Brachiaria decumbens. Se sugiere ampliar este estudio involucrando más bovinos, granjas y municipios.

Arbóreas medicinais das matas ciliares do Rio Canoas: potencialidade de uso em projetos de restauração / Medicinal trees from riparian forests along Canoas River: potential use in restoration projects

Este estudo objetivou identificar as espécies arbóreas medicinais das matas ciliares de três pequenas propriedades rurais do município de Urubici-SC, e estabelecer relações entre as características ecológicas das mesmas com as possibilidades de emprego para restauração de ambientes ciliares degradados. Empregou-se o método dos quadrantes, para levantamento dos indivíduos com CAP>15 cm. Os indivíduos amostrados foram herborizados, depositados no Herbário LUSC e categorizados quanto ao uso medicinal, parte usada, freqüência, síndrome de dispersão (anemocórica, autocórica e zoocórica), grupo ecológico (pioneira, secundária inicial, secundária tardia) e uso para restauração florestal. Dos 240 indivíduos amostrados, 197 indivíduos pertencentes a 22 espécies de 15 famílias botânicas apresentaram potencialidades medicinais. As famílias Euphorbiaceae, Rosaceae, Myrtaceae, Sapindaceae, Lauraceae e Anacardiaceae foram as mais abundantes. Mais de 85 por cento das espécies com potencial medicinal amostradas apresentaram síndrome de dispersão zoocórica; cerca de 78 por cento foram incluídas nos grupos ecológicos das secundárias iniciais e pioneiras e cerca de 88 por cento são recomendadas para restauração. As espécies arbóreas medicinais são bastante freqüentes nas matas ciliares degradadas do Rio Canoas, podendo ser fonte de recursos genéticos para a restauração e adequação das APPs à legislação ambiental, além de se constituírem em produtos florestais não madeireiros passíveis de exploração.

This study aimed to identify the medicinal arboreal species from riparian forests at three small farms in Urubici Municipality, Santa Catarina State, Brazil, and relate their ecological features to the possibilities of their use for restoration of degraded riparian environments. In order to survey individuals with circumference at breast height (CBH) >15 cm, the quadrant method was adopted. The sampled specimens were herborized, incorporated into the Herbarium LUSC and categorized according to their medicinal use, employed part, frequency, dispersal syndrome (anemochory, autochory and zoochory), ecological group (pioneer, early secondary, late secondary) and use for forest restoration. Of the 240 sampled specimens, 197 belonging to 22 species of 15 families were potentially medicinal. The most abundant families were Euphorbiaceae, Rosaceae, Myrtaceae, Sapindaceae, Lauraceae and Anacardiaceae. More than 85 percent potentially medicinal species had zoochoric dispersal syndrome, around 78 percent were categorized as early secondary and pioneer, and around 88 percent were recommended for restoration. Medicinal arboreal species are quite common in degraded riparian forests along Canoas River. They can provide genetic resources for restoration and adequacy of permanent preservation areas (PPAs) to the environmental legislation; moreover, they are exploitable non-timber forest products.

Glutamate-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor modulation and minocycline for the treatment of patients with schizophrenia: an update: [review]

Growing consistent evidence indicates that hypofunction of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) transmission plays a pivotal role in the neuropathophysiology of schizophrenia. Hence, drugs which modulate NMDA neurotransmission are promising approaches to the treatment of schizophrenia. The aim of this article is to review clinical trials with novel compounds acting on the NMDA receptor (NMDA-R). This review also includes a discussion and translation of neuroscience into schizophrenia therapeutics. Although the precise mechanism of action of minocycline in the brain remains unclear, there is evidence that it blocks the neurotoxicity of NMDA antagonists and may exert a differential effect on NMDA signaling pathways. We, therefore, hypothesize that the effects of minocycline on the brain may be partially modulated by the NMDA-R or related mechanisms. Thus, we have included a review of minocycline neuroscience. The search was performed in the PubMed, Web of Science, SciELO, and Lilacs databases. The results of glycine and D-cycloserine trials were conflicting regarding effectiveness on the negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. D-serine and D-alanine showed a potential effect on negative symptoms and on cognitive deficits. Sarcosine data indicated a considerable improvement as adjunctive therapy. Finally, minocycline add-on treatment appears to be effective on a broad range of psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. The differential modulation of NMDA-R neurosystems, in particular synaptic versus extrasynaptic NMDA-R activation and specific subtypes of NMDA-R, may be the key mediators of neurogenesis and neuroprotection. Thus, psychotropics modulating NMDA-R neurotransmission may represent future monotherapy or add-on treatment strategies in the treatment of schizophrenia.

Envenomation caused by Latrodectus geometricus in São Paulo state, Brazil: a case report

Widow spiders (Latrodectus spp.), also known as "black widows", have a worldwide distribution and can cause latrodectism. To the best of our knowledge, in Brazil, only one case of Latrodectus geometricus (Koch, 1841) envenomation in a human has been reported. The aim of the present report is to describe a spider bite caused by Latrodectus geometricus in a patient who lives in Paranapanema, São Paulo state, Brazil.(AU)

Evaluación del efecto del cultivo probiótico Lactobacillus rhamnosus adicionado a yogurt natural y con probi6ticos comerciales sobre poblaciones de Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli O157: H7, Listeria monocytogenes y Salmonella enteritidis / Evaluation of the effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus probiotic culture added to yogurt over Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli O157: H7, Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enteritidis populations

Se evaluó el efecto de diferentes tipos de cultivos probióticos en yogurt sobre poblaciones conocidas de Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes y Salmonella enteritidis. Los tres tipos diferentes de yogurt comercial utilizados fueron: sin probióticos adicionados, con probióticos CHR HANSEN® (Lactobacillus casei CRL_431 y L. acidophilus CRL_730) y otro con los mismos probióticos mencionados anteriormente, adicionado con cultivo de Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LR-35). Se inoculó aproximadamente 109 UFC/mL de cada bacteria potencialmente patógena en los diferentes tipos de yogurt, se mantuvo en refrigeración a 4ºC durante la vida útil de cada uno de estos alimentos (aproximadamente 30 días) y se realizó un recuento bacteriano cada cuatro días incluyendo el mismo día de la inoculación. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que, existe diferencia en cuanto a inhibición entre los yogures sin probióticos y el yogurt comercial con probióticos, observándose un efecto inhibitorio evidente, por parte del segundo sobre las poblaciones de S. aureus, E. coli O157:H7 y L. monocytogenes. Con respecto a los yogures comerciales con probióticos más L. rhamnosus, no se observó alguna diferencia con respecto al efecto inhibitorio que poseen los yogures con probióticos L. casei y L. acidophilus . En los yogures en que se evaluó S. enteritidis se obtuvo la muerte de ésta al cabo de cuatro días. El presente estudio confirma el efecto antagónico que poseen los cultivos probióticos sobre bacterias potencialmente patógenas para el ser humano y animales que pueden estar contenidas en los alimentos.No obstante, el uso del probiótico Lactobacillus rhamnosus no ejerce un efecto inhibitorio adicional.

The effect of different types of probiotics present in yogurt over known populations of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enteritidis was evaluated. The three types of yogurt used were: without added probiotics, with added probiotics (Lactobacillus casei CRL_431 and L. acidophilus CRL_730 CHR HANSEN®) and another one with the same probiotics mentioned above and Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LR-35) culture. About 109 CFU/ mL of each potentially pathogenic bacteria was added to each type of yogurt tested, and kept in refrigeration at 4ºC during its shelf life, about 30 days. Bacterial count was done the initial day and every four days. Results obtained show that there is a difference in the inhibition between yogurts without added probiotics and the commercial yogurt with added probiotics; there is a clear inhibitory effect of the last one over S. aureus, E coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes. The yogurt with added probiotics and L. rhamnosus did not show any additional inhibitory effect over the bacteria tested when compared with the yogurt with added probiotics. S. enteritidis could not be evaluated because it was not detectable in any yogurt samples evaluated four days after its inoculation. This study confirms the antagonic effect of probiotic cultures over potentially pathogenic bacteria for human beings and animals that may be present in food. Nevertheless, the use of L. rhamnosus did not produce any additional inhibitory effect.

Efecto del horno de microondas sobre el crecimiento y sobrevivencia de Escherichia coli O157 H7 inoculada en tortas de carne de res / Effect of microwave oven over the growth and survival of Escherichia coli O157 H7 inoculated in bovine minced meat samples

The use of microwave ovens in food industry is a growing trend. It is used for thawing, drying and cooking food, but the microorganism's inactivation that this treatment may exert or not is still a subject of worldwide discussion. At the same time. Escherichia coli O157:H7 now presents itself as an emerging pathogen, distributed worldwide and associated with food. Its resistance to adverse environments has been widely discussed. The purpose of this work was to determine the effect of different times of exposure and cooking intensities of microwave oven on the survival of this bacterium inoculated into minced meat samples. These were inoculated with a high (10(7)-10(9) CFU/mL) or low (10(7)-10(7) CFU/mL) population of E. coli O157:H7, frozen for 3 days at-4 degrees C and thawed in a Whirlpool microwave oven according to their weight. They were radiated at levels of 70 per cent, 80 per cent, 90 per cent and 100 per cent for periods of 30, 60, 90 and 120 seconds. In each sample the rate of survival of the bacteria was determined according to the methodology described by Vanderzant & Splittstoesser. The results obtained showed that the rate of destruction of the bacteria analyzed was significant (p < 0.005). The number of bacteria present in the meat samples diminished dramatically as the exposure time and temperature increased, even though, for the complete elimination of this microorganism, a prolonged exposure was necessary, even though it did cause undesirable organoleptic characteristics in the food samples.

A crianca hospitalizada: refexoes de equipe. / Hospitalized child: reflexions of the health team

Este trabalho foi escrito a partir das reflexoes de um grupo que se reunia semanalmente para discutir aspectos relativos a internacao de seus pacientes, sendo um primeiro esforco de sistematizacao e supondo dois momentos: o questionamento de aspectos que consideramos muito pregnantes em nossas relacoes com a crianca hospitalizada e seus familiares e o aprofundamento destas questoes a partir de uma compreensao teorica. Procuramos, assim, identificar em aspectos particulares os denominadores comuns do trabalho de uma equipe de saude, detectando vivencias e sentimentos que nao se prenderiam as especificidades desta equipe, mas que seriam quase determinados pelo lidar com a crianca hospitalizada

O impacto emocional da hospitalizacao da crianca. / Emotional impact in child hospitalization

Neste trabalho, refletimos sobre a situacao de hospitalizacao da crianca. Admitimos que esta e uma experiencia estressante, mas que pode ser amenizada pelo favorecimento de certas condicoes, como presenca de familiares, contato com outras criancas, disponibilidade afetiva da equipe, informacao etc. Analisamos problemas como recusa a medicacao ou dificuldade em permitir a realizacao de exames dolorosos e assinalamos a maior sensibilizacao da crianca com doenca cronica ou terminal.Observamos que as criancas costumam expressar suas duvidas e angustias por vias indiretas, ou mesmo por perguntas a alguem da equipe, sendo fundamental estar atento a comunicacao da crianca hospitalizada

A hospitalizacao da crianca: a visao do familiar. / Children hospitalization: the familiar view

Neste trabalho, procuramos pensar a questao da hospitalizacao da crianca pelo lado do familiar, dando especial atencao a maneira como a familia vive este problema.Utilizamos material diretamente expresso pelos familiares ou observacoes realizadas em nosso contato quotidiano, podendo concluir que, em geral, os familiares desejam acompanhar suas criancas, excetuando-se situacoes onde existam graves impedimentos objetivos e (ou) emocionais. Observamos, tambem, que o esclarecimento a familia desempenha importante papel na relacao equipe-familiar, embora, muitas vezes, a familia possa negar uma informacao grave, necessitando de um tempo emocional para elaborar o que foi comunicado. Finalmente, e importante observar que processos emocionais foram desencadeados pela situacao de hospitalizacao, atualizando os antigos conflitos

Ectopia traumatica do cristalino. / Traumatic ectopy of lens

O autor apresenta 53 casos de ectopia traumatica do cristalino atendidos no setor de emergencia do Hospital Souza Aguiar/RJ, e Instituto de Oftalmologia Oculistas Associados de Manaus. Discute-se a etiopatogenia, a frequencia, o diagnostico e o tratamento com base nos dados da literatura e na experiencia pessoal

Cirurgia da catarata: intra vs extracapsular e implante intraocular. / Intra vs. extracapsular cataract extraction and intraocular lenses implantation

Os autores estabelecem paralelo entre as tecnicas de extracao de catarata (intra vs extracapsular) com e sem a colocacao de implante intraocular. Sao apresentados os resultados obtidos com o estudo de 3.279 casos, ao longo de oito anos, 95,18% dos quais foram tratados com a tecnica intracapsular e o restante pelo metodo extracapsular, tendo 22,78% destes recebido concomitantemente implantacao de lente intraocular. Vantagens, desvantagens e complicacoes sao discutidas. Os resultados sugerem que a cirurgia extracapsular e o metodo mais racional para o tratamento da catarata e que o implante intraocular de camara posterior e uma boa alternativa para a correcao da afacia