Conhecimento dos agentes comunitários de saúde sobre as disfunções temporomandibulares no município de Sobral, Ceará / Knowledge of community health agents on temporomandibular dysfunctions in the city of Sobral, Ceará

Objetivo: verificar o conhecimento dos agentes comunitários de saúde (ACS) sobre as disfunções temporomandibulares (DTMs) no município de Sobral, Ceará. Materiais e Método: trata-se de uma pesquisa observacional transversal, quantitativa, realizada entre janeiro e março de 2014. Foram avaliados 158 ACS que responderam um questionário composto por 10 questões sociodemográficas e 16 perguntas relacionadas ao conhecimento sobre DTMs. A análise estatística foi realizada no Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), versão 17.0, por meio dos testes Qui-Quadrado e Exato de Fisher, com significância de 5%. Resultados: observou-se que 73,4% dos ACS desconhecem as DTMs e 83,5% nunca receberam ensinamento sobre o tema. Dos ACS que tinham recebido ensinamento, 100% identificaram alguma possível causa de DTMs; dos que tinham ensino médio completo, 33,6% identificaram pelo menos um sintoma de DTMs. Conclusão: os ACS com maior grau de instrução e que receberam capacitação prévia são os que mais conhecem e, consequentemente, melhor identificam causas e consequências das DTMs, orientando o paciente adequadamente. Evidencia-se, portanto, o desconhecimento desses agentes sobre as DTMs, justificando-se a necessidade de realizar capacitações com esses indivíduos, para que tenham um maior conhecimento sobre o assunto e possam orientar corretamente a população. (AU)

Aim: the aim of the article is to verify the knowledge of the CHW on Temporomandibular Dysfunction (TMD) in the city of Sobral, Ceará. Materials and Methods: the present study is a cross-sectional, observational, quantitative study conducted between January and March 2014. We evaluated 158 CHW who answered a questionnaire composed of 10 questions about sociodemographic characteristics, and 16 questions related to their knowledge about TMD. Statistical analysis was performed in the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 17.0, using chi-square tests and Fisher's exact test, with significance of 5%. Results: it was observed that 73.4% of CHW were unaware of TMD and that 83.5% never received any teaching on the subject. Among the CHW who had received instruction, 100% identified some possible causes of TMD, and 33.6% identified at least one symptom of the disease. Conclusion: therefore, the more educated CHW s who received prior training are the ones who know the most and, consequently, better identify the causes and consequences of TMD by orienting the patient appropriately. Therefore, it is evident that the CHW does not know about the TMD, justifying the need to carry out training workshops with the CHW, so that they have a better knowledge about TMD and can guide the population correctly. (AU)

Occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility of enteric rods and pseudomonads isolated from the dental prostheses biofilm

ABSTRACT Aspiration of oral bacteria leads to cardiac and respiratory infectious diseases and dentures can act as a reservoir for pathogenic microorganisms. Objective: To determine the occurrence and the in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of enteric rods and pseudomonads from the denture biofilm of 52 subjects at the Center for Dental Specialties of Sobral/ Ceara, Brazil. Material and Methods: Denture biofilm was collected and samples plated on MacConkey agar. The isolated bacterial colonies were identified using the BBL Crystal enteric/non-fermenter system. Antibiotic bacterial susceptibility was assessed by the disc diffusion method of amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, doxycycline, tetracycline, tobramycin, imipenem, cefotaxime, and ciprofloxacin. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of cefotaxime, tobramycin, doxycycline, imipenem, and ciprofloxacin was determined for 40 species by E-test. Results: 34 subjects (65.4%) harbored enteric rods in their prostheses. Klebsiella pneumoniae (26.5%), Escherichia coli (23.5%), and Enterobacter aerogenes (23.5%) were the most prevalent species. All organisms were susceptible to ciprofloxacin and most species were resistant to amoxicillin or amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, demonstrating variable sensitivity patterns to other antimicrobials. However, the MIC showed the emergence of strains with reduced sensitivity to ciprofloxacin (MIC90≥3 μg/ mL) and cefotaxime (MIC90≥2 μg/mL). Conclusion: The findings show high prevalence of nosocomial diseases-related bacterial species and low susceptibility to antimicrobial drugs. Therefore, these results imply caution against the indiscriminate use of broad spectrum antibiotics in dental practice.

Atendimento à Lei Arouca no Ensino de Farmacologia no Curso de Medicina, UFC, Sobral / Compliance with Arouca’s Law in Teaching Pharmacology at the UFC Medical School, Sobral

RESUMO De acordo com a Lei Arouca (Lei n° 11.794 – 2008), que estabelece critérios para “a criação e a utilização de animais em atividades de ensino e pesquisa científica, em todo o território nacional”, tem-se que, “sempre que possível, as práticas de ensino deverão ser fotografadas, filmadas ou gravadas, de forma a permitir sua reprodução para ilustração de práticas futuras, evitando-se a repetição desnecessária de procedimentos didáticos com animais”. O objetivo deste estudo foi relatar o desenvolvimento de um software (Pharmasoftware®) como método alternativo de ensino em Farmacologia no curso de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Campus Sobral. Para a certificação, foram utilizados dois grupos de alunos, um em aula prática convencional e outro com o Pharmasoftware®. A análise dos resultados revelou que ambas as atividades foram igualmente eficazes em auxiliar na consolidação do tema Vias de Administração dos Fármacos, evidenciando, assim, o Pharmasoftware® como uma ferramenta capaz de auxiliar no ensino da Farmacologia e, ainda, de fomentar a implantação de outros métodos alternativos de ensino de Farmacologia nas Instituições de Ensino Superior.

ABSTRACT The Brazilian Law on scientific and teaching use of animals, Arouca’s Law (n° 11.794 – 2008), clearly states that animals should not be used if an alternative method is available. The aim of this study was to describe the development of a software (Pharmasoftware®) as an alternative method of teaching in pharmacology at a Medical School (Federal University of Ceara, Campus Sobral). To support the development and validation of the Pharmasoftware® as an alternative method, students were allocated into two groups: one attending a conventional practical class and the other employing Pharmasoftware®. The results showed that two activities were equally effective in improving the students’ knowledge of drug administration. Pharmasoftware® may therefore represent a tool capable of supporting pharmacology teaching and it also fostering the establishment of alternative methods for teaching Pharmacology in the undergraduate courses.

Structural features and assessment of zymosan-induced arthritis in rat temporomandibular joint model using sulfated polysaccharide / Características estruturais e ensaio de artrite induzida por zimosam em modelo de articulação temporomandibular de ratos usando polissacarídeo sulfatado

The green seaweed Caulerpa cupressoides var. lycopodium contains three SPs fractions (Cc-SP1, Cc-SP2 and Cc-SP3). Cc-SP1 and Cc-SP2 had anticoagulant (in vitro), pro- and antithrombotic, antinociceptive and/or anti-inflammatory (in vivo ) effects. This study analyzed structural features and the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of Cc-SP1 on zymosan-induced acute arthritis of the rat temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Cc -SP1 was investigated by infrared technique. Male Wistar rats (200-240 g) received subcutaneously (s.c.) Cc-SP1 1h prior to intra-articular (i.art.) injection of zymosan (2 mg joint -1) or saline (0.9%) into the left TMJ. Mechanical hypernociception was measured by the electronic Von Frey method in the basal and 4h after zymosan injection. Animals were euthanized 6h after zymosan injection and the TMJ cavity was removed for total leukocyte counts from the synovial fluid and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity assessment. Cc-SP1 (1, 3 or 9 mg kg-1) containing sulfate ester, galactose-6-sulfate, uronic acid and glycosidic linkages reduced zymosan-induced hypernociception (78.12, 81.13 and 87.43%, respectively, p < 0.01), and inhibited the total leukocyte influx (85, 88.14 and 89.95%, respectively, p < 0.01), being confirmed by MPO activity (p < 0.05). Therefore, Cc-SP1 reveals a pharmacological tool for treating inflammatory arthropathies.

A alga marinha verde Caulerpa cupressoides var. lycopodium contém três frações de PSs (Cc-PS1; Cc-PS2 e Cc-PS3). Cc-PS1 e Cc-PS2 apresentaram efeitos anticoagulante (in vitro), pró- e antitrombótico, antinociceptivo e/ou anti-inflammatório (in vivo). Analisaram-se as características estruturais e os efeitos antinociceptivo e anti-inflamatório de Cc-PS1 sobre artrite aguda induzida por zimosam na articulação temporomandibular (ATM) de ratos. Foi investigada a Cc-PS1 por técnica de infravermelho. Ratos machos Wistar (200-240 g) receberam subcutaneamente (s.c.) Cc-PS1 1h antes de injeção intra-articular (i.art.) de zimosam (2 mg articulação-1) ou salina (0,9%) na ATM esquerda. A hipernocicepção mecânica foi mensurada por método Von Frey elétrico em zero e 4h após injeção de zimosam. Os animais foram entanasiados após 6h de injeção de zimosam e a cavidade da ATM foi removida para contagem de leucócitos totais do fluído sinovial e ensaio da atividade de mieloperoxidase (MPO). A Cc-PS1 (1; 3 ou 9 mg kg-1) contendo éster sulfato, galactose-6-sulfato, ácido urônico e ligações glicosídicas reduziu a hipernocicepção induzida por zimosam (78,12; 81,13 e 87,4%, respectivamente; p < 0,01), além de inibir o influxo de leucócitos totais (85; 88,14 e 89,95%, respectivamente; p < 0,01), sendo, ainda, confirmado pela atividade de MPO (p < 0,05). Portanto, a Cc-PS1 revela como uma ferramenta farmacológica para tratar de artropatias inflamatórias.