Application and progress of non-invasive neuromodulation techniques in chronic refractory pain / 中华神经科杂志

Chronic refractory pain is an excruciating pain caused by various reasons, which is easily recurrent and barely responded to multiple drugs. It affects more than 10% of the global population and thus causes a huge burden on the society and the economy. With the development of neuroscience, neuromodulation technologies have been well concerned, which guide a novel direction in the treatment of chronic refractory pain. This review summarizes the research progresses on repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation, transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation, optogenetics and other non-invasive neuromodulations in the treatment of chronic refractory pain.