Characterization of group Ⅰ metabotropic glutamate receptors in rat superior cervical ganglion and their changes following chronic intermittent hypoxia / 解剖学报

Objective To observe the expression and localization of group Ⅰ metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR1/ 5) in rat superior cervical ganglion (SCG) and the effect of chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) on mGluR1/ 5 protein level. Methods Twelve male SD rats were randomly divided into control group(Ctrl)and CIH group(CIH), 6 rats in each group. After 6 weeks of modeling, the effect of CIH on mGluR1/ 5 protein level was detected by Western blotting, the expression and distribution of mGluR1/ 5 in SCG were detected by immunohistochemistry and double-immunofluorescent staining. Results mGluR1/ 5 was expressed in rat SCG. mGluR1 was distributed in neurons and small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells, but not in satellite glial cells (SGCs), nerve fibers and blood vessels, whereas mGluR5 was mainly distributed in nerve fibers and a little in neurons, but not in SGCs, SIF cells and blood vessels. CIH increased the protein levels of mGluR1/ 5 (P<0. 01) in rat SCG. Conclusion Both mGluR1 and mGluR5 are expressed in the rat SCG, but their distribution are different, and the increased protein levels of both may be involved in CIH-induced hypertension.

Correlation analysis of asthma and prognosis in 148 children with low immune function / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To analyze the effect of immune function on the condition and prognosis of asthma in children with asthma. Methods A total of 148 children with asthma diagnosed in Qinghai women and children's Hospital from January 2018 to January 2021 were included in the analysis, the immune function of the children was determined, and the information of all children was followed up for 6 months after treatment; compared The condition and follow-up prognosis of children with immunocompromised and normal immune function were analyzed and discussed, and the correlation between the expression levels of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM) and the condition and short-term recurrence prognosis (6 months) of children was analyzed and discussed, so as to guide Prevention and clinical work. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS19.0. Results The average age of 148 children with recurrent respiratory tract infection in the study was (8.94±3.65) years old, including 70 male children. The condition of the children was evaluated and classified into mild/severe cases: 148 children in this study included mild cases. There were 98 cases and 50 severe cases. There were more males and lower BMI levels in severe children (P<0.05) . The levels of IgG, IgA and IgM in children were all lower in severe children (P<0.05) . The follow-up found that the proportion of relapses in critically ill children was higher (P<0.05). Comparing the levels of IgG, IgA, and IgM in mild and severe children, the average levels of IgG, IgA, and IgM in severe children were lower than those in the mild group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05); recurrence within 6 months of follow-up Prognostic evaluation showed that 19 of the 148 children had relapse, and the levels of IgG, IgA, and IgM in severe relapsed children were significantly lower than those without relapse (P<0.05). Analysis of the relevant factors potentially affecting the prognosis of recurrence showed that gender (female) (OR=1.726) , BMI level (weight loss) (OR=1.613) , IgG expression level factor (low expression) (OR=1.898) , IgA expression Level factor (low expression) (OR=3.509) , IgM expression level factor (low expression) (OR=3.217) and disease factor (severe) (OR=3.619) were potential risk factors, which would increase the risk of poor prognosis. Conclusion The asthma attack in children with immunocompromised immune function is relatively severe, and the short-term recurrence probability is higher, which deserves clinical attention and preventive intervention.

Effects of long-term oral administration of antipsychotic clozapine on the ocular surface / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AIM: To study the effects of long-term use of clozapine on tear film stability and ocular surface tissue structure.METHODS: Case-control study was conducted on 45 patients(group 1)who were diagnosed with schizophrenia and treated with clozapine for 3.45±0.72a between March 2021 and December 2021. Another 45 healthy subjects(group 2)served as controls, whose demographic characteristics were similar to those of group 1. Patients' dry eye symptoms were investigated using OSDI questionnaire, tear secretion was detected by the Schirmer I test, ocular surface damage was assessed by the ocular surface staining score, and comprehensive ophthalmic examination was performed on all patients through LipiView ocular surface interferometer, ocular surface integrated analyzer, corneal confocal microscope and slit lamp photographic system.RESULTS: Slit-lamp photography showed diffuse grayish-white spot-like opacification in the corneal stroma of group 1, accompanied by brown star-like opacification in the center of the anterior capsule of the lens. OSDI scores were 38.00(31.50, 48.50)and 15.00(9.00, 19.50)in the two groups respectively. Schirmer test showed that the group 1 was 5.27±2.18mm/5min, while group 2 was 15.62±3.05mm/5min. Corneal fluorescein staining score: 4.00(2.50, 5.00)for group 1 and 1.00(0.00, 1.50)for group 2. The lissamine green staining score for the conjunctiva was 9.00(6.50, 10.00)and 3.00(2.00, 3.50)for the two groups, respectively. LipiView detected lipid layer thickness(LLT), suggesting that the results of group 1 and group 2 were similar, respectively 75.91±15.51 and 77.24±12.11nm; and the results were similar for the lid gland deficiency score, with 1.37±0.26 and 1.29±0.31 points, respectively. The mean tear meniscus height in group 1 was 0.13±0.06mm, which was lower than 0.23±0.04mm of group 2. Non-invasive breakup time(NIBUT)was 6.04±2.62 and 11.4±2.74s in group 1 and group 2 respectively. OSDI score, Schirmer Ⅰ test, ocular surface staining score, tear meniscus height and NIBUT were significantly different between the two groups(P&#x003C;0.05). Confocal corneal microscopy suggested decreased corneal nerve fiber density with stromal layer inflammatory cell infiltration and pigmentation in group 1.CONCLUSION: The antipsychotic drug clozapine can induce dry eye with a range of ocular surface injuries such as corneal pigmentation, and patients who taking such drugs should be routinely examined by an ophthalmologist.

Activation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 inhibits chronic intermittent hypoxia-induced carotid body plasticity in rats / 生理学报

The purpose of the present study was to explore the role of carotid body metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGluR1) in chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH)-induced carotid body plasticity. Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were exposed to CIH (6%-21% O2, 4 min/cycle, 8 h/day) for 4 weeks. The blood pressure of rats was monitored non-invasively by tail-cuff method under consciousness. RT-qPCR was used to examine the mRNA expression level of mGluR1 in rat carotid body. Western blot was used to detect the protein expression level of mGluR1 in rat carotid body. The role of mGluR1 in CIH-induced carotid body sensory long-term facilitation (sLTF) was investigated by ex vivo carotid sinus nerve discharge recording, and the carotid body sLTF was evoked by a 10-episode of repetitive acute intermittent hypoxia (AIH: 1 min of 5% O2 interspersed with 5 min of 95% O2). The results showed that: 1) CIH increased the systolic blood pressure (P < 0.001), diastolic blood pressure (P < 0.005) and mean arterial blood pressure (P < 0.001) of rats; 2) CIH decreased the mRNA and protein levels of mGluR1 in the rat carotid body (P < 0.01); 3) 4 weeks of CIH induced carotid body sLTF significantly, exhibiting as an increasing baseline sensory activity during post-AIH, which was inhibited by application of an agonist of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors, (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG), during sLTF induction (P < 0.005). In summary, these results suggest that activation of mGluR1 inhibits CIH-induced carotid body plasticity in rats.

Role of group II and III mGluRs in carotid body plasticity induced by chronic intermittent hypoxia in rats / 生理学报

The aim of the present study was to explore the role of group II and III metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in carotid body plasticity induced by chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) in rats. Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were treated with CIH in Oxycycler A84 hypoxic chamber for 4 weeks, and the tail artery blood pressure was measured at the end of model preparation. RT-qPCR was performed to examine the mRNA expression levels of mGluR2/3/8 in rat carotid body. Carotid sinus nerve activity was detected by ex vivo carotid sinus nerve discharge recording technique, and acute intermittent hypoxia (AIH) was administered to induce carotid body sensory long-term facilitation (sLTF), in order to observe the role of group II and group III mGluRs in carotid body plasticity induced by CIH. The results showed that: 1) After 4 weeks of CIH exposure, the blood pressure of rats increased significantly; 2) CIH down-regulated the mRNA levels of mGluR2/3, and up-regulated the mRNA level of mGluR8 in the carotid body; 3) AIH induced sLTF in carotid body of CIH group. In the CIH group, activation of group II mGluRs had no effect on sLTF of carotid body, while activation of group III mGluRs completely inhibited sLTF. These results suggest that CIH increases blood pressure in rats, and group III mGluRs play an inhibitory role in CIH-induced carotid body plasticity in rats.

Protein Kinase CK2 Modulates the Calcium Sensitivity of Type 3 Small-conductance Calcium-activated Potassium Channels in Colonic Platelet-derived Growth Factor Receptor Alpha-positive Cells From Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Mice

Background/Aims@#The gastrointestinal symptom of diabetes mellitus, chronic constipation, seriously affects patients’ life. Whereas, the mechanism of chronic constipation is still ambiguous, resulting in a lack of effective therapies for this symptom. As a part of the smooth muscle cells, interstitial cells of Cajal, and platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha-positive (PDGFRα+ ) cells syncytium (SIP syncytium), PDGFRα+ cells play an important role in regulating colonic motility. According to our previous study, in PDGFRα+cells in colons of diabetic mice, the function of the P2Y1 purinergic receptor/type 3 small-conductance calcium-activated potassium (SK3) channel signaling pathway is strengthened, which may lead to colonic dysmotility. The purpose of this study is to investigate the changes in SK3 channel properties of PDGFRα+ cells in diabetic mice. @*Methods@#Whole-cell patch clamp, Western blotting, superoxide dismutase activity measurement, and malondialdehyde measurement were main methods in the present study. @*Results@#The present study revealed that when dialysed with low calcium ion (Ca 2+ ) solution, the SK3 current density was significantly decreased in PDGFRα+ cells from diabetic mice. However, the SK3 current density in PDGFRα+ cells was enhanced from diabetic mice when dialysed with high Ca 2+ solution. Moreover, hydrogen peroxide-treatment mimicked this phenomenon in SK3 transgenic HEK293 cells. The subunit of SK3 channels, protein kinase CK2, was up-regulated in colonic muscle layers and hydrogen peroxidetreated HEK293 cells. Additionally, protein phosphatase 2A, the subunit of SK3 channels, was not changed in streptozotocin-treated mouse colons or hydrogen peroxide-treated HEK293 cells. @*Conclusion@#The diabetic oxidative stress-induced upregulation of CK2 contributed to modulating SK3 channel sensitivity to Ca 2+ in colonic PDGFRα+ cells, which may result in colonic dysmotility in diabetic mice.

Rapid visual detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus by combining LAMP-CRISPR/Cas12b with heat-labile uracil-DNA glycosylase to eliminate carry-over contamination / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a major pathogen frequently found in seafood. Rapid and accurate detection of this pathogen is important for the control of bacterial foodborne diseases and to ensure food safety. In this study, we established a one-pot system that combines uracil-DNA glycosylase (UDG), loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 12b (Cas12b) for detecting V. parahaemolyticus in seafood. This detection system can effectively perform identification using a single tube and avoid the risk of carry-over contamination.

Relationship between physical activity, sleep duration and overweight, obesity with depressive symptoms among middle school students in Tianjin / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To investigate the relationship between physical activity, sleep duration, overweight, obesity and depressive symptoms among middle school students in Tianjin, and to provide the evidence for targeted prevention of depression.@*Methods@#In September 2019 to 2021, the stratified cluster sampling method was used to select 52 747 middle school students from 16 districts in Tianjin for questionnaire survey, including demographics, depressive symptom, sleep status and physical activity. The χ 2 test and multivariate Logistic regression were used to analyze the data.@*Results@#The prevalence of depressive symptoms among middle school students in Tianjin was 19.07%, with higher prevalence in female, urban areas, resident students and left behind students ( χ 2=128.44, 155.77, 35.29, 19.15, P <0.05). The prevalence of overweight and obesity were 20.64% and 22.13%, the proportion of students who met physical activity, outdoor activity, sleep duration guideline were 49.54%, 33.64%, 25.77%, respectively. Logistic regression results showed that meeting the guidelines on physical activity, outdoor activity, sleep duration and BMI were negatively correlated with depression symptoms, with sleep duration showed the highest protective effects on depressive symptoms( OR=0.60, 95%CI =0.57-0.63, P <0.05). Compared with students who did not meet any guidelines, students who met 4 guidelines had a lower risk of depression symptoms( OR=0.39, 95%CI =0.34-0.46, P <0.05).@*Conclusion@#The prevalence of depressive symptoms of middle school students in Tianjin is in moderate level, and the intervention should be comprehensively administered in terms of sleep duration, physical activity, outdoor activities, as well as overweight and obesity to reduce the occurrence of depression symptoms among middle school students.

Chinese Medicine as Supporting Therapy for Psoriasis: Past, Present, and Future / 中国结合医学杂志

Psoriasis is a chronic skin disease and an important health concern. Western medicine and therapies are the main treatment strategies for psoriasis vulgaris (PV); however, the overall prognosis of patients with PV is still poor. Therefore, PV prevention is especially crucial. Chinese medicine (CM) has a long history of treating psoriasis, and it has unique wisdom in different cognitive angles and treatment modes from modern medicine. In this review, we first summarized the herbs and ancient CM formulas that have therapeutic effects on PV. Second, the research status and obstacles to the current development of CM in modern medicine were reviewed. Finally, the future of CM in the context of precision medicine and integrated medicine was discussed. After a detailed reading of the abundant literature, we believe that CM, through thousands of years of continuous development and clinical practice, has achieved high effectiveness and safety for PV treatment, despite its surrounding controversy. Moreover, precise analyses and systematic research methods have provided new approaches for the modernization of CM in the future. The treatment of PV with CM is worth popularizing, and we hope it can benefit more patients.

Research status and prospect of circular RNAs in diabetic retinopathy / 中华眼底病杂志

The mechanisms behind diabetic retinopathy (DR) can be ascribed primarily to retinal microvascular abnormalities, excessive inflammatory response and neurodegeneration. Circular RNA (circRNA) is a type of endogenous non-coding RNA with a special circular structure, which is mainly composed of precursor RNA after shearing and processing. It is widely present in the retina and participates in the occurrence and development of various fundus diseases. CircRNAs express in an abnormal way in retina, serving as "the sponge" for miRNA so as to play roles in dysfunction of retinal vascular, inflammatory response and neurodegeneration in the development of DR. Further studies for circRNAs in DR will illustrate pathophysiology of DR more deeply, shedding light on circRNAs becoming novel biomarkers and molecular targets for diagnosis and treatment, thus achieving the goal of early diagnosis and precise therapy of DR.

Impact of group cognitive behavioral therapy counseling on cognitive control among college students with high obsessive compulsive traits / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To explore the effect of group cognitive behavioral therapy (GCBT) on cognitive control among college students with high obsessive compulsive traits, to provide basic information for the psychological counseling intervention for college students.@*Methods@#From March to April 2019, 687 students were conveniently selected from 2 universities in Hefei. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 58 students with high obsessive traits were selected and divided into experimental group ( n =29) and control group ( n =29) by random number table method. The experimental group received cognitive behavioral group counseling for 4 weeks (1.5 h each time, twice a week), while the control group receive no intervention. The Obsessive Compulsive Inventory Revised (OCI-R), Stroop Color Word Test (SCWT), Digital Span Test (DST), and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WSCT) were used to assess in two groups at baseline and 4 weeks later.@*Results@#After 4 weeks, the scores of OCI-R in the GCBT group (10.28±7.22) was lower than that of in the control group (15.90±10.20) ( t=2.42, P<0.05). Before and after intervention, compared with the control group [(21.89±6.63, 20.52±7.37)s, (8.62±4.43, 8.04±4.84)s] in Stroop C and Stroop interfere effects (SIE), the GCBT group [(22.14±4.92, 16.81±3.43)s, (8.36±3.87, 4.82±1.86)s], the interaction of time group was statistically significant ( F =14.60, 10.54, P <0.05). Compared with the control group (6.21±1.35, 6.55±1.45)times, the scores of DST reverse in the GCBT group (6.31±1.44, 7.24±1.38) times were statistically significant ( F=3.96, P <0.05).@*Conclusion@#It suggests that cognitive behavioral group counseling can improve the inhibitory control and working memory of college students with high obsessive compulsive traits, but does not change the cognitive flexibility.

Effects of Toxoplasma gondii infection on mouse and human uterine natural killer cells / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To examine the effects of Toxoplasma gondii infection on the proportion, quantity, differentiation and function of mouse and human uterine natural killer cells (uNK cells), so as to explore the role of uNK cells in abortion of early pregnancy caused by T. gondii infection. Methods Pregnant mice were injected intraperitoneally with T. gondii tachyzoites on day 6.5 of pregnancy, and the abortion mouse model caused by T. gondii infections was constructed. Mouse uterine lymphocytes were isolated on day 9.5 of pregnancy. Human uterine lymphocytes were isolated from fresh human decidual specimens after abortion in normal early pregnancy and co-cultured with tachyzoites of the T. gondii RH strain for 48 h at T. gondii/uterine lymphocytes ratios of 0.5:1, 1:1 and 2:1. The phenotypes of mouse uNK cells (CD122, NK1.1, DX5) and human uNK cells (CD3, CD56, CD11b, CD27) and the expression of intracellular cytokines interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were detected by flow cytometry. Mouse and human uNK cells were sorted by magnetic beads, and the cytotoxicity of uNK cells was tested using the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay at effector/target cell ratios of 1:1, 5:1, 10:1 and 20:1 with mouse or human uNK cells as effector cells and mouse YAC-1 cells or human K562 cells as target cells. Results On day 9.5 of pregnancy, the mouse abortion rate was significantly higher in the infected group than that in the control group (83.02% vs. 3.51%; χ2 = 71.359, P < 0.001). Significantly lower absolute number of uNK cells [(4 547 ± 1 610) cells/mouse vs. (8 978 ± 3 339) cells/mouse; U = 2.000, P < 0.05], lower NK1.1 expression on uNK cell surface [(74.53 ± 8.37)% vs. (93.00 ± 1.11)%; U = 0.000, P < 0.05], higher proportion of NK1.1-DX5-cells [(20.10 ± 8.03)% vs. (5.04 ± 0.68)%; U = 0.000, P < 0.05], lower proportion of NK1.1+ DX5+ cells [(21.70 ± 12.48)% vs. (45.75 ± 2.26)%; U = 0.000, P < 0.05] and higher IFN-γ expression [(16.74 ± 1.36)% vs. (8.13 ± 1.90)%; U = 0.000, P < 0.05] were detected in the infected group than in the control group, while no significant difference was seen in TNF-α expression between the two groups [(67.98 ± 9.20)% vs. (52.93 ± 10.42)%; U = 2.000, P > 0.05]. The mouse uNK cells showed a strong cytotoxicity in the infected group, and the cytotoxicity gradually increased with the effector/target cell ratio. The cytotoxicity of uNK cells against YAC-1 cells was 2.30%, 4.32%, 8.12% and 12.65% in the infected group and 1.21%, 1.63%, 2.51% and 3.22% in the control group at effector/target cell ratios of 1:1, 5:1, 10:1 and 20:1, respectively. Following co-culture of human uterine lymphocytes and tachyzoites of the T. gondii RH strain for 48 h, the proportion [TOX 2:1 group vs. control group: (6.61 ± 1.75)% vs. (17.48 ± 4.81)%; F = 7.307, P < 0.01], and absolute number of human uNK cells in uterine lymphocytes of human uNK cells in uterine lymphocytes [TOX 2:1 group vs. control group: (12 104 ± 5 726) cells/well vs. (65 285 ± 21 810) cells/well; H = 11.540, P < 0.01] were significantly lower in the infected group than in the control group. A lower proportion of CD56brightCD16- NK cells [TOX 2:1 group vs. control group: (25.25 ± 5.90)% vs. (36.03 ± 4.51)%; F = 3.213, P > 0.05] and higher proportion of CD56dimCD16+ NK cells [TOX 2:1 group vs. control group: (11.15 ± 2.15)% vs. (7.09 ± 2.24)%; F = 2.992, P > 0.05] were detected in uNK cells in the infected group than in the control group, and the ratio of CD56brightCD16- cells/CD56dimCD16+ cells was significantly lower in the infected group than in the control group [TOX2:1 group vs. control group: (2.37 ± 0.92) vs. (5.58 ± 2.39); H = 8.228, P < 0.05]. In addition, the proportion of CD11b+CD27- cells in human uNK cells was significantly higher in the infected group than in the control group [TOX 2:1 group vs. control group: (30.28 ± 6.91)% vs. (17.48 ± 4.67)%; H = 6.556, P < 0.05], while no significant differences were found between the two groups in terms of IFN-γ [TOX 2:1 group vs. control group: (14.13 ± 1.28)% vs. (15.19 ± 1.64)%; F = 1.639, P > 0.05] or TNF-α expression [TOX 2:1 group vs. control group: (54.76 ± 10.02)% vs. (50.33 ± 3.67)%; F = 0.415, P > 0.05]. Human uNK cells presented a strong cytotoxicity in the infected group, and the cytotoxicity gradually increased with the effector/target cell ratio. The cytotoxicity of human uNK cells against K562 cells was 11.90%, 28.11%, 49.91% and 73.35% in the infected group and 12.21%, 21.63%, 33.51% and 48.22% in the control group at effector/target cell ratios of 1:1, 5:1, 10:1 and 20:1, respectively. Conclusions T. gondii infection presents diverse effects on the differentiation and secretion ability of mouse and human uNK cells. However, T. gondii infection causes a reduction in the absolute number and enhances the cytotoxicity of both mouse and human uNK cells.

Abdominal puncture drainage alleviates severe acute pancreatitis in rats by activating Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway and promoting autophagy / 南方医科大学学报

OBJECTIVE@#To assess the effect of early abdominal puncture drainage (APD) on autophagy and Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway in rats with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) and explore the possibile mechanism.@*METHODS@#Thirty-two male SD rats were randomly divided into sham-operated (SO) group, SAP group with retrograde injection of 4% sodium taurocholate, APD group with insertion of a drainage tube into the lower right abdomen after SAP induction, and APD + ZnPP group with intraperitoneal injection of 30 mg/kg ZnPP 12 h before APD modeling. Blood samples were collected from the rats 12 h after modeling for analysis of amylase and lipase levels and serum inflammatory factors. The pathological changes of the pancreatic tissue were observed with HE staining. Oxidative stress in the pancreatic tissue was detected with colorimetry, and sub-organelle structure and autophagy in pancreatic acinar cells were observed by transmission electron microscopy. The expressions of autophagy-related proteins and Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway were detected using RT-PCR and Western blotting.@*RESULTS@#Compared with those in SAP group, the rats with APD treatment showed significantly alleviated pathologies in the pancreas, reduced serum levels of lipase, amylase and inflammatory factors, lowered levels of oxidative stress, and activated expressions of Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway in the pancreas. The ameliorating effect of ADP was significantly inhibited by ZnPP treatment before modeling. APD obviously reversed mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum damages and p62 accumulation induced by SAP.@*CONCLUSION@#APD treatment can suppress oxidative stress and repair impaired autophagy in rats with SAP by activating the Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway, thereby reducing the severity of SAP.

Carbenoxolone enhances inhibitory effect of RSL3 against cisplatin-resistant testicular cancer cells by promoting ferroptosis / 南方医科大学学报

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the inhibitory effect of RSL3 on the proliferation, invasion and migration of cisplatinresistant testicular cancer cells (I-10/DDP) and the effect of carbenoxolone on the activity of RSL3 against testicular cancer.@*METHODS@#MTT assay was used to evaluate the survival rate of I-10/DDP cells following treatment with RSL3 (1, 2, 4, 8, 16 or 32 μmol/L) alone or in combination with carbenoxolone (100 μmol/L) or after treatment with Fer-1 (2 μmol/L), RSL3 (4 μmol/L), RSL3+Fer-1, RSL3+carbenoxolone (100 μmol/L), or RSL3+Fer-1+carbenoxolone. Colony formation assay was used to assess the proliferation ability of the treated cells; wounding-healing assay and Transwell assay were used to assess the invasion and migration ability of the cells. The expression of GPX4 was detected using Western blotting, the levels of lipid ROS were detected using C11 BODIPY 581/591 fluorescent probe, and the levels of Fe2+ were determined with FerroOrange fluorescent probe.@*RESULTS@#RSL3 dose-dependently decreased the survival rate of I-10/DDP cells, and the combined treatment with 2, 4, or 8 μmol/L RSL3 with carbenoxolone, as compared with RSL3 treatment alone, resulted in significant reduction of the cell survival rate. The combination with carbenoxolone significantly enhanced the inhibitory effect of RSL3 on colony formation, wound healing rate (P=0.005), invasion and migration of the cells (P < 0.001). Fer-1 obviously attenuated the inhibitory effects of RSL3 alone and its combination with carbenoxolone on I-10/DDP cells (P < 0.01). RSL3 treatment significantly decreased GPX4 expression (P=0.001) and increased lipid ROS level (P=0.001) and Fe2+ level in the cells, and these effects were further enhanced by the combined treatment with carbenoxolone (P < 0.01).@*CONCLUSION@#Carbenoxolone enhances the inhibitory effect of RSL3 on the proliferation, invasion and migration of cisplatin-resistant testicular cancer cells by promoting RSL3-induced ferroptosis.

Metagenomics approach to identify lignocellulose-degrading enzymes in the gut microbiota of the Chinese bamboo rat cecum

BACKGROUND: Lignocellulose is considered a renewable organic material, but the industrial production of biofuel from lignocellulose is challenging because of the lack of highly active hydrolytic enzymes. The guts of herbivores contain many symbiotic microorganisms that have evolved to hydrolyze plant lignocellulose. Chinese bamboo rats mainly consume high-fiber foods, indicating that some members of the intestinal tract microbiota digest lignocellulose, providing these rats with the energy required for growth. RESULTS: Here, we used metagenomics to analyze the diversity and functions of the gut microbiota in Chinese bamboo rats. We identified abundant populations of lignocellulose-degrading bacteria, whose main functions involved carbohydrate, amino acid, and nucleic acid metabolism. We also found 587 carbohydrate-active enzyme genes belonging to different families, including 7 carbohydrate esterase families and 21 glycoside hydrolase families. The glycoside hydrolase 3, glycoside hydrolase 1, glycoside hydrolase 43, carbohydrate esterase 4, carbohydrate esterase 1, and carbohydrate esterase 3 families demonstrated outstanding performance. CONCLUSIONS: The microbes and enzymes identified in our study expand the existing arsenal of proficient degraders and enzymes for lignocellulosic biofuel production. This study also describes a powerful approach for targeting gut microbes and enzymes in numerous industries.

Analysis of protein differences in aortic aneurysm/dissection based on tandem mass tag proteomics / 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志

@#Objective    To analyze the differences in proteins between aneurysm/dissection patients and healthy subjects, and subsequently figure out differential proteins related to medial degeneration of aortic aneurysm/dissection. Methods    Aortic wall samples were collected from 6 male aortic aneurysm patients (an aortic aneurysm group, mean age 56.50±8.19 years), 6 male aortic dissection patients (an aortic dissection group, mean age 54.17±6.68 years) and 6 male healthy subjects (a normal group, mean age 40.50±9.31 years) between December 2019 and May 2020 in West China Hospital of Sichuan University. Quantitative proteomics was performed using tandem mass tag (TMT) techniques, followed by gene ontology (GO) analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis. Results    A total of 63 differential proteins were obtained both in the aortic aneurysm group and the aortic dissection group compared with the normal group, with 30 up-regulating and 33 down-regulating. The differential proteins were involved in multiple biological processes and clusted on peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway, extracellular matrix-receptor interaction signaling pathway and complement and coagulation cascades signaling pathway. Conclusion    The identified proteins may help to demonstrate new molecular mechanisms related to medial degeneration of aortic aneurysm/dissection.

Progress of researches on symbionts in the management of mosquito-borne infectious diseases / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Mosquitoes are the main vectors of many infectious diseases, including malaria and yellow fever, which seriously threaten human health across the world. In addition to the use of chemical insecticides, genetic control is a new attempt to currently available interventions used for mosquito vector control. In terms of ecological safety, however, symbiotic control as a novel approach has been proposed for mosquito control. Since there are multiple symbiotic microflora inhabiting in a variety of tissues of mosquitoes, including the digestive tract, they may affect the transmission of mosquito-borne infectious diseases through affecting the lifespan, reproductive competence, and vector competence of the host. In this review, the interactions between symbionts in mosquitoes were summarized, and the research progress of mosquito-associated symbionts in the management of mosquitoborne infectious diseases was reviewed.

Single-center retrospective analysis of pathological spectrum and variation of 5 652 adult renal biopsies in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from 1986 to 2020 / 中华肾脏病杂志

Objective:To investigate the pathological spectrum and variation of adult renal biopsies in People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from 1986 to 2020.Methods:The pathological data of 5 652 adult renal biopsies from August 1986 to December 2020 were retrospectively collected, and characteristics of pathological spectrum were analyzed. Regarding every 5 years as a research stage, the whole period was divided into 7 stages to analyze the pathological features and variation of renal biopsies. The first stage (P1) started from August 1986 to December 1990. The second stage (P2) started from January 1991 to December 1995. The third stage (P3) started from January 1996 to December 2000. The fourth stage (P4) started from January 2001 to December 2005. The fifth stage (P5) started from January 2006 to December 2010. The sixth stage (P6) started from January 2011 to December 2015. The seventh stage (P7) started from January 2016 to December 2020.Results:The age was (36.47±14.86) years old (18-83 years old) in 5 652 renal biopsies. There were 2 961 males (52.39%). There were 5 636 cases of autologous kidney biopsy and 16 cases of transplanted kidney biopsy. The descending order of incidence classified by disease types were primary glomerular disease (PGD, 4 470 cases, 79.31%), secondary glomerular disease (SGD, 994 cases, 17.64%), tubular-interstitial disease (160 cases, 2.84%), and hereditary nephropathy (12 cases, 0.21%). IgA nephropathy (IgAN, 1 573 cases, 35.19%) was the most frequent pathologic type of PGD, followed by membranous nephropathy (MN, 1 028 cases, 23.00%), mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis (MsPGN, 878 cases, 19.64%), minimal change disease (MCD, 427 cases, 9.55%), and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (345 cases, 7.72%). Lupus nephritis (LN, 251 cases, 25.25%) was the most common type of SGD, followed by hypertension nephropathy (193 cases, 19.42%), diabetic kidney disease (168 cases, 16.90%), purpura nephritis (138 cases, 13.88%), and ischemic nephropathy (90 cases, 9.05%). IgAN was the most common type of primary glomerulonephritis and mainly occurred in the age group of 18-59 years old. PGD was the most common glomerular disease in Han nationality (78.33%), Uygur nationality (81.72%) and other ethnic (77.15%) groups. Using Bonferroni correction method, the incidence of PGD in Uygur nationality was higher than that in Han nationality ( P<0.017). From P1 to P7, the detection rates of MN and MCD were increased in common renal pathological types, meanwhile, the ratio of MsPGN was decreased (all P<0.05). From P5 to P7, the detection rates of MN in Han nationality and Uygur nationality increased in the common pathological types of PGD, meanwhile, the ratio of MsPGN decreased (all P<0.05). LN was the most common SGD. The incidence of LN in females was higher than that in males ( P<0.001). Using Bonferroni correction method, the incidence of SGD in Uygur nationality was lower than that in Han nationality ( P<0.017). There was no significant variation in the common pathological type of SGD in Han and Uygur nationalities. Chronic rejection was the main pathological type of transplanted kidney biopsies. Conclusions:PGD is the main type of kidney disease spectrum in People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. IgAN is the most common PGD and mainly occurrs in the age group of 18-59 years old. As time goes by, the proportion of MN and MCD is increased, meanwhile the proportion of MsPGN is decreased significantly. LN is the most common SGD.

Analysis of pathological data and epidemiological characteristics of 10 684 cases of renal biopsy in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region / 中华肾脏病杂志

Objective:To investigate the composition of the renal disease spectrum and epidemiological characterisics for renal biopsy cases in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.Methods:The clinical and pathological data of 10 684 renal biopsy cases from 12 hospitals in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from August 1986 to December 2019 were collected and the composition of renal diseases and pathological types were analyzed retrospectively.Results:Among the 10 684 renal biopsy cases with 5 595 males and 5 089 females, 7 804 cases (73.04%) were Han nationality, 2 357 cases (22.06%) were Uygur nationality and 523 cases (4.90%) were other nationalities. Among the 10 684 cases of renal biopsy, primary glomerular disease, secondary glomerular disease, tubulointerstitial disease, end-stage renal disease, genetic and congenital disease and post transplant glomerular disease were 8 533 cases (79.87%), 1 740 cases (16.29%), 229 cases (2.14%), 121 cases (1.13%), 46 cases (0.43%) and 15 cases (0.14%), respectively. The distribution of kidney diseases in Han, Uygur and other nationalities (except Han and Uygur in this region) was the same as that in general. There was no significant difference in disease type composition between Han and Uygur, Han and other nationalities, and Uygur and other nationalities (all P>0.05). Among the 8 533 cases of primary glomerular diseases, the top five pathological types were IgA nephropathy (3 095 cases, 36.27%), mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis (2 008 cases, 23.53%), membranous nephropathy (1 503 cases, 17.61%), minimal glomerulopathy (567 cases, 6.64%) and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (494 cases, 5.79%). The top five pathological types of primary glomerular diseases were different between Han and Uygur, and Han and other nationalities (both P<0.01). There was no statistically significant difference between Uygur and other nationalities in the top five pathological types of primary glomerular diseases ( P=0.113). Among 1 740 cases of secondary glomerular diseases, the top five pathological types were lupus nephritis (517 cases, 29.71%), Henoch-Sch?nlein purpura nephritis (304 cases, 17.47%), diabetic glomerulosclerosis (285 cases, 16.38%), benign renal arteriosclerosis (196 cases, 11.26%) and systemic vasculitis (101 cases, 5.80%). It was different between Han and Uygur, Han and other nationalities, and Uygur and other nationalities in the top five pathological types of secondary glomerular diseases. Conclusions:Primary glomerular disease accounts for 79.87% of renal diseases in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. IgA nephropathy is the main pathological type, followed by mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis and membranous nephropathy. The most common pathological type of secondary glomerular disease in this region is lupus nephritis, followed by Henoch-Sch?nlein purpura nephritis and diabetic glomerulosclerosis. The top five pathological types of primary glomerular diseases and secondary glomerular diseases are different in different ethnic groups in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.

Research progress on silent cerebral infarction after cardiac surgery through cardiopulmonary bypass / 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志

@#In the absence of symptoms, silent cerebral infarction can be discovered incidentally during an imaging or neuropathological examination. After cardiovascular surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass, the morbidity is high, and it may contribute to neurocognitive dysfunction, symptomatic cerebral infarction and increased risk of death. The embolus caused by various operations intraoperatively are closely associated with this progress. However, controversies over the prevention still persist. As a result, an overall summary of silent cerebral infarction after cardiovascular surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass will be presented in this review.