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Background & objectives: Multiple transfusions in ?-thalassaemia patients undergoing regular transfusion regimen are at a risk of developing transfusion transmitted infections, including hepatitis C virus (HCV). The present study was conducted to investigate the association of HCV viraemia and genotype with clinical parameters in HCV seroreactive ?-thalassaemic individuals. Methods: A total of 172 HCV seroreactive ?-thalassaemic individuals aged between 2-35 yr with at least 25 units of blood transfusion were catagorized into four groups (2-12 yr, group 1; 13-19 yr, group 2; 20-29 yr, group 3; 30-35 yr, group 4). Aged matched control samples (n=87; ?-thalassaemics without HCV infection) were also included. HCV RNA was detected by nested reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) based on 5� UTR of HCV genome, viral load was determined by real-time RT-PCR. Nested RT-PCR amplified partial core region was used for DNA sequencing. Liver function parameters [serum total bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST)] were also determined. Results: Of the 172 HCV seroreactive individuals, 59.30 per cent (n=102) were HCV RNA positive. HCV viral load ranged from 173 to 32.04�[5] IU/ml; 87.65 per cent were infected with HCV genotype 3. Liver enzymes, such as ALT, AST and serum total bilirubin were significantly elevated in all age groups compared to control groups. Serum ferritin levels were found to be high in all individuals, but 16.27 per cent of HCV-infected individuals with >10,000 IU/ml viral load also showed high ferritin levels (>1500 ?g/l) where the majority of them were infected with HCV genotype 3. Interpretation & conclusions: HCV genotype 3 was the major circulating genotype among ?-thalassaemia patients in this region. Our findings indicated an association between HCV replication and hepatic iron load and also highlighted the need for sensitive quantitative RT-PCR-based detection of HCV RNA in the high risk population
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Background: ST elevated myocardial infarction (STEMI), non-ST elevated myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) and unstable anginas (UA) are continual spectrum of coronary artery disease (CAD).These are terminal events arising as a result of coronary artery atherosclerosis and superimposed thrombosis.Materials and methods: A prospective study in which a total of 91 patients of either sex aged 20 to 60 years were recruited, of which 30 were STEMI, 31 were NSTEMI/ unstable angina and 30 were age and sex matched healthy controls. Patients with following complaints of maximum 24 hours duration were registered in the emergency department and were included in the study (ACC/AHA Guidelines, 2002).Results: In the present study, 91 subjects were recruited from medical emergency department. All of the subjects were meeting the inclusion criteria. Of the total 91 subjects 30 were of STEMI (Group 1),15 were of NSTEMI (Group 2), 16 were of unstable angina (Group 3) and 30 were controls (Group4).Conclusion: In patients of ACS, MPO is raised as compared to controls. Also in complicated ACS,irrespective of other risk factors, MPO was significantly raised as compared to controls and can beused to predict immediate clinical complication. There is no significant association between MPO, hs Chowdhury P, Pandey V, Avasthi R, Kandukuri MK, Giri S, Sharma S. Multi-factorial risk stratification in Acute Coronary Syndrome. IAIM, 2016; 3(1): 36-45.Page 37 CRP and CK-MB when taken together to predict complications. TIMI risk score is a simple prognostication scheme that categorizes a patient's risk of death and ischemic events and provides a basis for therapy.
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Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) are important because of their size and stability. SLNs have been reported as an alternative drug delivery device to traditional polymeric nanoparticles. SLNs are in submicron range (50- 1000nm) and are composed of physiologically tolerated lipid components. At room temperature the particles are in solid state. They are made up of bio-compatible and bio-degradable materials capable of incorporating lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs. Paclitaxel is a Di-terpenoid Pseudo-alkaloid having anti-neoplastic activity particularly against primary epithelial, ovarian carcinoma, Breast cancer, Colon Cancer, Brain Cancer, Lungs cancer and AIDs Related Kaposi’s Sarcoma. Paclitaxel is an effective drug against Aggressive Cancer’s because it adversely affect the process of cell division by preventing restructuring. The present study is to investigate the probability of incorporating paclitaxel in SLNs using Glyceryl Mono-stearate (GMS) as a lipid matrix, poly-oxy ethylene (Brij 97) as a surfactant, soya-lecithin as a co-emulsifier. Paclitaxel loaded SLNs are prepared by Solvent emulsification and evaporation method using ultra sonication and optimization of critical process variables were carried out to develop stable SLNs. The average particle size of SLNs was found to be 63nm ± 5.77 with Poly dispersity index (PDI) 0.272 ± 0.02 and entrapment efficiency was found 94.58%. The stability studies and zeta potential were performed at refrigerated temperature (2-8 OC) indicating no significant increase in particle size after one month storage. In-vitro release studies showed initial burst release followed by controlled release for 48hrs (about 73%). The release profile was fitted into Higuchi’s model (r2=0.9774). The drug diffuses from SLNs at a comparatively slower rate as the distance for diffusion increases.
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BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: While investigating a cholera outbreak in south India, toxigenic and nontoxigenic strains of Vibrio cholerae O1 were isolated from patients and from the environment, respectively. This study was performed to compare the genetic relatedness of the patient and environmental strains to determine clonal relationships among these strains and thereby determine the source of the cholera outbreak. METHODS: The 16 strains of V. cholerae isolated from hospitalized patients and 8 environmental V. cholerae strains isolated from the environment were phenotypically and genotypically characterized using a variety of standard techniques. RESULTS: Sixteen toxigenic clinical strains and 2 nontoxigenic environmental strains belonged to O1 serogroup, Ogawa serotype and El Tor biotype. The remaining 6 nontoxigenic environmental strains were classified as non-O1, non-O139 V. cholerae. The drug resistance pattern of the clinical and environmental strains of V. cholerae showed marked differences with the patient strains being resistant to more number of drugs as compared to the environmental strains. DNA fingerprinting of the strains showed considerable diversity between toxigenic clinical and nontoxigenic environmental O1 Ogawa isolates and between the O1 and non-O1, non-O139 isolates. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: In this outbreak of cholera, the O1 strains of V. cholerae from clinical and environmental sources belonged to two different clones and the environmental strains could perhaps be the future cholera outbreak causing clones.