Protective efficacy of vaccination with Neospora caninum multiple recombinant antigens against experimental Neospora caninum infection

Protective efficacy of vaccination with Neospora caninum multiple recombinant antigens against N. caninum infection was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Two major immunodominant surface antigens (NcSAG1 and NcSRS2) and two dense granule proteins (NcDG1 and NcDG2) of N. caninum tachyzoites were expressed in E. coli, respectively. An in vitro neutralization assay using polyclonal antisera raised against each recombinant antigen showed inhibitory effects on the invasion of N. caninum tachyzoites into host cells. Separate groups of gerbils were immunized with the purified recombinant proteins singly or in combinations and animals were then challenged with N. caninum. Following these experimental challenges, the protective efficacy of each vaccination was determined by assessing animal survival rate. All experimental groups showed protective effects of different degrees against experimental infection. The highest protection efficacy was observed for combined vaccination with NcSRS2 and NcDG1. Our results indicate that combined vaccination with the N. caninum recombinant antigens, NcSRS2 and NcDG1, induces the highest protective effect against N. caninum infection in vitro and in vivo.

Degradation of immunoglobulins, protease inhibitors, and interleukin-1 by a secretory proteinase of Acanthamoeba castellanii

The effect of a secretory proteinase from the pathogenic amoebae Acanthamoeba castellanii on hosts defense-oriented or regulatory proteins such as immunoglobulins, interleukin-1, and protease inhibitors was investigated. The enzyme was found to degrade secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), IgG, and IgM. It also degraded interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha) and IL-1beta. Its activity was not inhibited by endogenous protease inhibitors, such as alpha2-macroglobulin, alpha1-trypsin inhibitor, and alpha2-antiplasmin. Furthermore, the enzyme rapidly degraded those endogenous protease inhibitors as well. The degradation of hosts defense-oriented or regulatory proteins by the Acanthamoeba proteinase suggested that the enzyme might be an important virulence factor in the pathogenesis of Acanthamoeba infection.

Characteristics of Epidemic Multidrugresistant Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium DT104 Strains First Isolated in Korea / 감염

BACKGROUND: Salmonella infections continue to cause gastrointestinal and systemic diseases throughout the world. S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium were traditionally known as typical food poisoning Salmonella agents, the isolation rate of which has been increased recently in Korea. S. Typhimurium phage type DT104 has become an important emerging pathogen. Isolates of this phage type often possess resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfonamides, and tetracycline (ACSSuT resistance). The mechanism by which DT104 has accumulated resistance genes is of interest, since these genes interfere with treatment of DT104 infections and might be horizontally transferred to other bacteria, even to unrelated organisms. METHODS: All the isolates included in this study were identified as S. enterica serovar Typhimurium according to the Kauffmann-White serotyping scheme and were definitive phage type DT104 according to the phage typing scheme described by Anderson, et al. A total of 63 isolates of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104 were characterized by antimicrobial resistance analysis, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) with the restriction enzyme XbaI. RESULTS: Four hundred ninety six S. Typhimurium isolates were divided into 28 different phage types and DT104 was the second most common phage type in Korea. A total of 63 S. Typhimurium DT104 isolates were grouped into 7 resistance phenotypes. Fourty one (65.1%) isolates were resistant to the ACSSuTTic core alone or to additional drugs as well except twenty two (33.9%) isolates were resistant to the ASSuTeTic. Four PFGE subtypes A1, A2, B1, and B2 were observed among DT104 isolates and type A1 was prevalent. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded two distinct clones were present among Korea multidrug resistant S. enterica serotype Typhimurium DT104 and multidrug resistant S. Typhimurium phage type DT104 has been an important emerging pathogen in Korea.

Development of Multiplex Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction for Detection and Typing of Parainfluenza Viruses

No abstract available.

Cloning and Sequence Analysis of the Full-length cDNA of Coxsackievirus B3 Isolated in Korea

We have determined and analyzed the full-length cDNA sequence of a coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) Korean isolate (CVB3-Korea/97) which has been known as a general human pathogen. The whole genome contains 7,400 nucleotides and has a single large open reading frame with 6,555 nucleotides that encodes a potential polyprotein precursor of 2,185 amino acids. The genome also contains a 5' non-coding region (NCR) of 741 bases and a 3' NCR of 104 bases followed by poly(A) tail. Sequence homologies of nucleotides and deduced amino acids between the CVB3-Korea/97 strain and the prototype (Nancy strain) were 81.7% and 91.5%, respectively. The genes encoding the functional proteins including viral protease and RNA dependent RNA polymerase showed higher homology than those encoding the structural proteins. We have further analyzed the sequences of 5' NCR, VP1 and VP2 of CVB3-Korea/97, which are known as cardiovirulent determining factors at the nucleotide and amino acid levels. Although the CVB 3-Korea/97 strain was isolated from an aseptic meningitis patient without cardiomyopathy, its 234th nucleotide and 165th amino acid were uracil and Asn as same as those of other cardiovirulent strains one. However, the 155th amino acid of VR1, which closely associated with cardiovirulence, was replaced with Arg155 by single nucleoptide substitution from A2916 to T2916. Moreover, additional amino acid substitutions were observed in the flanking region of Asp155. Taken together, aminoacid(s) substitution in VP1 may play a critical role in determining cardiovirulence of the CVB3-Korea/97 strain rather than individual nucleotide replacements in the 5' NCR and/or an amino acid substitution in VP2.

An Epidemiological Study of Enteroviruses as Causative Agents of Aseptic Meningitis between 1993 and 1998 in Korea / 감염

BACKGROUND: To investigate the epidemiology of aseptic meningitis in Korea, we have isolated and characterized enteroviruses isolated from patients with acute meningitis from 1993 to 1998. METHODS: Stool and/or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from patients with aseptic meningitis were inoculated onto enterovirus-susceptible cell lines. The virus propagation was examined by the presence of cytopathic effects and each viral isolate was further characterized using a neutralization test. RESULTS: Out of 1,127 specimens, 197 enteroviral isolates were obtained mostly from stool samples (82.8 %) of children aged zero to ten years. At least 15 serotypes of enteroviruses, including echoviruses (EV) 3, 6, 7, 9, 25 and 30, coxsackieviruses (CV) B1~B6, and vaccine-derived polioviruses (PV) had circulated during the previous 6 years. The major serotypes that caused outbreaks of aseptic meningitis, were EV30 in 1997 and EV6 in 1998. Although the incidence of virus isolation peaked during summer, we had isolated enteroviruses all the year round in 1998. CONCLUSION: Since 1993, we had confirmed 197 cases of enteroviral meningitis. Outbreaks of aseptic meningitis were mainly caused by EVs, with peaks during the summer months. Our data emphasize that the nationwide surveillance of aseptic meningitis should be expanded and maintained throughout the year.

An Epidemiological Study of Enteroviruses as Causative Agents of Aseptic Meningitis between 1993 and 1998 in Korea / 감염

BACKGROUND: To investigate the epidemiology of aseptic meningitis in Korea, we have isolated and characterized enteroviruses isolated from patients with acute meningitis from 1993 to 1998. METHODS: Stool and/or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from patients with aseptic meningitis were inoculated onto enterovirus-susceptible cell lines. The virus propagation was examined by the presence of cytopathic effects and each viral isolate was further characterized using a neutralization test. RESULTS: Out of 1,127 specimens, 197 enteroviral isolates were obtained mostly from stool samples (82.8 %) of children aged zero to ten years. At least 15 serotypes of enteroviruses, including echoviruses (EV) 3, 6, 7, 9, 25 and 30, coxsackieviruses (CV) B1~B6, and vaccine-derived polioviruses (PV) had circulated during the previous 6 years. The major serotypes that caused outbreaks of aseptic meningitis, were EV30 in 1997 and EV6 in 1998. Although the incidence of virus isolation peaked during summer, we had isolated enteroviruses all the year round in 1998. CONCLUSION: Since 1993, we had confirmed 197 cases of enteroviral meningitis. Outbreaks of aseptic meningitis were mainly caused by EVs, with peaks during the summer months. Our data emphasize that the nationwide surveillance of aseptic meningitis should be expanded and maintained throughout the year.

Factors affecting transformation efficiency of BCG with a Mycobacterium-Escherichia coli shuttle vector pYUB18 by electroporation

BCG has been one of the vehicles for multi-recombinant vaccine. However, low transformation efficiency of BCG with plasmid DNA hampered studies involving expression of foreign antigens in BCG. In an effort to determine the optimal conditions, this study was initiated to investigate factors involved in the transformation of BCG with a Mycobacterium-Escherichia coli shuttle vector, pYUB18, by electroporation. Mycobacterium bovis BCG (strain 1173P2) was grown in Middlebrook (M) 7H9 broth containing albumin-dextrose-catalase and 0.05% tween 80, and transformed BCG was grown in M7H10 agar containing kanamycin for counting viable cells. Pretreatment of BCG with 10 mM CaCl2 improved the transformation efficiency, but overnight incubation of BCG with 1% glycine did not. The transformation efficiency in BCG also varied depending on voltage, resistance, and DNA concentration. The maximum transformation efficiency was obtained when the infinity resistance, 12.5 Kv/cm, and 100 ng of DNA were used, and reached 1.4 x 10(5) CFU/microgram of plasmid DNA, which is about 3-100 times greater than those from previous reports. The transformation conditions described in this study, therefore, will give us a better position for employing BCG as a vehicle for developing multi-recombinant vaccines.

Partial purification and characterization of host celluar protease of chicken embryo infected with influenza virus

No abstract available.

Expression of the hepatitis C virus proteinase isolated in Korean

No abstract available.

Studies on the intestinal fluke, Metagonimus yokogawai Katsurada, 1912 in Korea Geographical distribution of sweetfish and infection status with Metagonimus metacercaria in south-eastern area of Korea

The present survey was undertaken to observe the geographical distribution of metacercaria among the sweetfish, Plecoglossus altivelis, the most important second intermediate host of Metagonimus yokogawai, which were collected during the period from 1983 to 1984 in south-eastern coastal areas of Korea. The results obtained were summarized as follows: A total of 668 sweetfish collected from 70 chons (=streams) in the above coasta1 areas was examined for the metacercariae, and 432(64.7 percent) among them were infected with metacercariae of M. yokogawai. The mean number of metacercariae in a fish was in the range from 0 to 29,604 and the mean number of the metacercariae in a fish was 640.3. It was observed that the mean infection rate showed 46.4 percent in Gangweon-Do (=province). The infection rates varied from stream to stream showing 100 percent in Namdae stream(Gangnun-city), Obsib-stream(Samchok-gun) and Dongmak, 95.0 percent in Hosan stream, 90.0 percent in Gungchon stream, and Namdae stream (Yangyang-up), 80.0 percent in Hwasang stream, 50.0 percent in Daebong stream, 45.0 percent in Yonghwa stream, 30.0 percent in Sangchon stream and Sachon stream, 20.0 percent in Munam stream and Okgyoe stream, 15.0 percent in Imweon stream, 10.0 percent in Namchon stream. And no metacercarial infections in their fish host were found in the areas of Mulchi stream, Sangun stream, Gosamun stream, Jonchon stream snd Gagok stream. It was observed that the mean infection rate showed 50.9 percent in Kyongsangbuk-Do(=province). The infection rates also varied from stream to stream showing 100 percent in Songchon stream, Osib stream (Yongdok-gun) and Daejong stream, 60.0 percent in Pyonghae stream snd Gunmu stream, 50.0 percent in Buhwung stream, 25.0 percent in Nagok stream, 20.0 percent in Oangbi stream, 10.0 percent in Namhodong stream. And no metacercarial infections in their fish host were found in the areas of Namdae stream (Uljinup) and Choksan stream. It was observed that the mean infection rate showed 67.6 percent in Kyongsangnam-Do(=province). The infection rates varied from stream to stream showing 100 percent in Taehwa river, Hwiya river, Inchon stream, Miryang river, Nam river, Hwagae stream, Koha stream, Sosang stream, and Tongchon stream, 90.9 percent in Yoncho stream, 90.0 percent in Hoihwa stream, 80.0 percent in Chindong stream, 66.7 percent in Chingyo stream, 40.0 percent in Hoyam river. And no metacercarial infections in their fish host were found in the areas of Chinjon stream, Sanchon stream and Jukchon stream. It was observed that the mean infection rate showed 94.6 percent in Chollanam-Do(=province). The infection rates varied from stream to stream showing 100 percent in Dongchon stream, Isachon stream, Somjin river (Goksong-gun), Somjin river (Kurye-gun), Sosi stream, Gokchon stream, Kohung stream, Kwansan stream, Youi stream, Unjon stream and Apnae stream, 92.3 percent in Tamjin river, 90.9 percent in Okkok stream, 84.6 percent in Songgun stream. And no metacercarial infections in their fish host were found in the area of Yongok stream. On the other hand, the infection rate showed 100 percent in Inchon river of Chollabuk-Do (=province) and Kangon stream of Cheju-Do (=province).

Effect of anthelmintics on the early stage of Enterobius vermicularis

In order to determine the susceptible age of Enterobius vermicularis to anthelmintics and to observe the chronologic growth of female E. vermicularis in man, experimental infections were done. About 500 eggs were challenged to 19 volunteers. After 4, 8, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32 and 35 days of infection, each case was treated by either mebendazole or pyrantel pamoate. On the 40th day of infection all cases including control were treated again to terminate the expermental infection and to evaluate the effect of previous treatment. Each case collected 3-day stools to harvest the expelled worms. The results could be summarized as follows: The infection rates of females were in range of 0.6-13.1% in control cases. Because the collected worms showed comparable growth and development by day, the worns were concluded to be derived from experimental infection. Cases that were treated with mebendazole on 4, 8 and 16 days after infection expelled 37.5%, 2.5% and 67.5% of the number expelled by a control case on the 40th day. Cases treated thereafter expelled no worms on the 40 days. Cases that were treated with pyrantel pamoates on 4, 8, 16, 24, 28, 32 and 35 days, expelled 90.7%, 25%, 45.3%, 8%, 2.7%, 5% and 29.3% of the number collected from control cases in respect. All the worms collected were females. The total body length increased consistently and comparably from the 20th day of infection. Those collected on the 20th day were 2.5-3.0 mm long with vigina, sac-like structure and strands of ovaries; 24 day-old worms may have short uterus, 28 day-old worms had long uterus without eggs, 32 day-old worms began to produce eggs, 35 day-old worms showed wide variations in egg deposit in uterus, and 40 day-old worms had uterus filled with eggs from vulva to anal levels. From the above results, it was inferred that the life span of female Enterobius vermicularis was longer than 40 days, and the developmental stages of worms younger than 16 days resisted considerably to both mebendazole and pyrantel pamoate.

Aspartate and alanine aminotransferase in Fasciola hepatica

The activity and distribution of aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1) and alanine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.2) in adult Fasciola hepatica have been studied. Fasciola hepatica was fractionated by differential centrifugation into nuclear, mitochondrial and cytosolic fractions. The activity of GOT and GPT was measured by the method of Reitman and Frankel. Isozyme patterns of those enzyme were also examined by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. The results obtained were as follows: The activity of aspartate and alanine aminotransferase was about 0.55 unit and 0.92 unit per 1 g of Fasciola hepatica, respectively. The activity of those enzymes was relatively low compared with those in mammalian tissues. The distribution of aspartate aminotransferase in the subcellular organelles showed that 71 percent of the activity was in cytosolic, 24 percent in mitochondrial and 5 percent was in nuclear fraction. About 22 percent of the total alanine aminotransferase activity was found in the mitochondrial fraction, about 66 percent in the cytosolic fraction. Aspartate aminotransferase from cytosolic fraction was separated into two types of isozymes, whereas alanine aminotransferase from cytosolic fraction gave only one active peak on DEAE-cellulose column chromatography.

Purification and properties of branched chain amino acid aminotransferase from Fasciola hepatica

The distribution and properties of branched chain amino acid aminotransferase(EC 2.6.1.42) was investigated in adult Fasciola hepatica. Fasciola hepatica was fractionated by differential centrifugation into nuclear, mitochondrial and cytosolic fractions. The activity of branched chain amino acid aminotransferase was measured by the method of Ichihara and Koyama (1966) . Isozyme patterns of this enzyme was also examined by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. The results obtained were as follows: The activity in homogenate was found to be 12.69 units/g wet tissue. The activity of this enzyme was relatively high compared with those in rat tissues. The distribution of branched chain amino acid aminotransferase in the subcellular organelles showed that 87.8 percent of the activity was in cytosolic, 10.9 percent in mitochondrial and 1.3 percent was in nuclear fraction. Cytosolic fraction of Fasciola hepatica contained Enzyme I, but not Enzyme II and III, of branched chain amino acid aminotransferase. Enzyme I was eluted by 50 mM phosphate buffer from DEAE-cellulose column and catalyzed the transamination of all three branched chain amino acids. The Enzyme I was purified about 22-folds increase in specific activity after chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The best substrate among three amino acids (leucine, isoleucine and valine) was L-isoleucine. The optimal temperature of Enzyme I was 45 C and the optimal pH was 8.2. The Km value for leucine of Enzyme I was 4.17 mM. The Km values for alpha-ketoglutarate and pyridoxal phosphate of Enzyme I were 0.41 mM and 4.76 x 10(-3) mM, respectively.

Morphological observation of Enterobius vermicularis expelled by various anthelmintics

When enterobiasis cases were treated with anthelmintics only for one time, the interval to recurrence was variable by different drugs used. And this phenomenon is supposedly connected with biological or developmental cycle of the worm and the consequent efficacy of the different anthelmintics. This study was undertaken to confirm this fact by studying the expelled worms morphologically to correlate the anthelmintics efficacy and stage of worm development in Enterobius vermicularis. A total of 131 children in 3 orphanages was examined by 4 anal swabs (mean positive rate, 80%). They were randomized into 5 experimental groups. Each group was treated with placebo, mebendazole, pyrantel, pyrvinium , and piperazine (70 mg/kg, single dose) respectively. After treatment, all stool were collected for 3 days to get the expelled Enterobius. A total of 6,165 pinworms was studied under the microscope. The sex was discriminated and the length was individually measured. A number of male pinworms was collected in all groups. Females of 2-11 mm in length were also collected in 5 groups. However, significantly larger number of short females was observed in mebendazole group compared with other groups. Twenty-one days after the first treatment, all children were again treated with mebendazole. Once more stool were examined. A total of 1,853 worms was collected. In mebendazole group, there were no females longer than 8.74 mm in the second treatment. In pyrvinium group, 8.31mm in lenght was the longest for female. However in control, pyrantel and piperazine groups, females of 2-11 mm in length were collected. From above results, one could conclude that the removing ability of mebendazole and pyrvinium was satisfactory for the worms in the early stage of development in Enterobius. Pyrantel and single dose of piperazine showed less effective in worm reduction ability especially on those at the early stages.

Effects of prednisolone injection on the liver of the mouse inoculated with the adult worms of Clonorchis sinensis intraperitoneally

In order to understand the effect of prednisolone injection on the histopathological changes of the mouse liver and the chronological changes of the worm structure of Clonorchis sinensis, when this fluke was inoculated to the mouse intraperitoneally. The recovery rate, survival rate, location and size of the inoculated worms as well as the histopathological changes of the liver were investigated for the comparison among the groups of mice, which were classified by number of worms and the duration of observation period. The result obtained were summarized as follows: The recovery rate and survival rate of the worms decreased especially 28 days after the inoculation. Most of worms (45.5 percent) were collected from the peritoneal cavity, and some of worms were found tightly adherent to the capsules of the liver, spleen, intestine and diaphragm. The mean worm size after inoculation was constantly smaller than that before inoculation. Remarkable atrophy in the reproductive organs of the worm, such as spermatheca, testes, vitelline gland and ovary was frequently observed at the 10th day of inoculation. Histopathologically the liver failed to show any parasitic worm inside the intrahepatic biliary system. However, multiple well formed egg-containing granulomas were present along the liver capsule. These necrotic granulomas were occasionally found under the fibrotic liver capsule. Focal necrosis and focal phlebitis together with vascular dilatation were prominent features of the liver. The worms recovered in the capsule of the liver were degenerated and necrotized. Usually, there were remarkable capsulitis and granuloma formation around the eggs.

Study on the chromosomal proteins of Fasciola hepatica

In attempt to investigate histone fractions and non-histones of parasites, nuclei were isolated from Fasciola hepatica by the procedure of Pogo et al. (1966). Histone fractions H1, H2a, H2b, H3 and H4 were prepared from isolated nuclei by the procedure of Johns (1964 and l967). The five histone fractions found in most tissues were also present in the Fasciola hepatica histones. These histone fractions were characterized by amino acid analysis and by polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. Non-histone proteins were extracted from isolated Fasciola hepatica nuclei and separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The results of the experiment were summarized as follows: The yield of whole histone recovered was 2.47 mg per 1 g of Fasciola hepatica. The yield of DNA was 1.02 mg per gm of tissues. Consequently the DNA to histone ratio was 1:2.44. The relative amounts of five fractions, i.e., Hl, H2a, H2b, H3 and H4 were 19.96 percent, 26.48 percent, 29.60 percent, 12.56 percent and 14.37 percent, respectively. Amino acid analysis of the individual histone fractions showed that the over-all compositions were similar but not identical to those of corresponding fraction from calf thymus. It was found that histone H2b fraction of Fasciola hepatica contained detectable amounts of epsilon-N-monomethyllysine. No evidence for the presence of methylated lysine or other side-chain derivatives was reported on this histone fraction. In SDS-polyacrylamide disc gel, it showed that 17 protein bands of nuclear acidic protein can be identified visually.

An experimental study on the mouse intraperitoneal inoculation of the adult worm of Clonorchis sinensis

The present experimental study was undertaken to observe the chronological change of the worm structure of Clonorchis sinensis and the pathological findings of the liver when this fluke was inoculated to the mouse intraperitoneally. The recovery rate, survival rate, location and size of the inoculated worms as well as the pathological changes of the liver were investigated for the comparison among the groups of mice, classified by number of worms and the duration of experiment. The results obtained were summarized as follows: The recovery and survival rates of the worms decreased especially 28 days after the inoculation. Most of worms (90.l percent) were collected from the peritoneal cavity and some of worms were found tightly adherent to the capsules of the liver, spleen, stomach, intestine and diaphragm. There were no worms recovered penetrated in the parenchymes of these organs. The mean worm size after inoculation was smaller than that before inoculation. At the 10th day after the inoculation, the shrinkage of posterior portion of the worm body was observed. Remarkable atrophy in the reproductive organs of the worm, such as spermatheca, testes, vitelline glands and ovary was frequently observed at the 10th day of inoculation. Histopathologically the liver failed to show any parasitic worm inside the intrahepatic biliary system. However, multiple well formed egg-containing granulomas were present along the liver capsule. These necrotic granulomas were occasionally found under the fibrotic liver capsule. Focal necrosis and focal phlebitis together with vascular dilatation were prominent features seen in the liver. The bile duct in the liver showed mild dilation of the lumen, flattening of epithelial cells and periductal small round cell infiltration. Neither adenomatous hyperplasia nor portal fibrosis was seen in the whole experimental groups. Foci of intralobular micro-granulomas were found in some experimental animals. The worms recovered in the capsule of the liver were degenerated and necrotized. Usually, there were remarkable capsulitis and granuloma formation around the eggs.

A study on the lipids of Chinese liverfluke, Clonorchis sinensis

The present study was undertaken to observe the quality and quantity of lipids in the adult worms of Chinese liverfluke, Clonorchis sinensis. Lipid extraction was done by the methods of Folch et a1. (l957) and Kenny (1952), and then the extracted lipid fractions of the worm were separated by thin layer chromatography. Those fractions were also subjected to perform the quantitative analyses of glycerides, cholesterols and phospholipids. The results obtained were summarized as follows: Total amount of glyceride was 37.56 mg per gram of worm tissue and the amount of monoglyceride was 8.34 mg per gm; diglyceride, 15.46 mg per gm; and triglyceride, 12.86 mg per gm. Total amount of cholesterol was 3.30 mg per gm of worm tissue, and the esterified cholesterol (1.72 mg/gm) was a little more than that of free cholesterol (1.26 mg/gm). The following 8 phospholipids were detected in the worm tissue of C. sinensis, i.e., lysophosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylcholine, phophatidylinositol, sphingomyelin, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylethanolamine and an unknown phospholipid.

Anthelmintic effect of oxantel and oxantel/pyrantel tablets against intestinal nematode infections

Present trial was carried out to evaluate the anthelmintic efficacy of oxantel/pyrantel tablets against intestinal nematode infections, and to determine the efficacy of oxantel tablels against Trichuris infection. A total of 34 subjects with the mixed infections were treated with oxantel/pyrantel tablets (100 mg/tablet each) in a single dose of 15 mg/kg body weight, and another group of 22 Trichuris infected cases received oxantel pamoate tablets (125 mg/tablet) in a single dose of 15 mg/kg. All stool examinations were done before the treatment and 3 weeks after the treatment. The cellophane thick smear (Kato's technique) and Stoll's dilution egg counting method were employed. The results of the trial were summarized as follows: The cure rates (egg negative conversion rates) and egg reduction rates for oxantel/pyrantel tablets were 85.3 percent and 97 percent in trichuriasis, 100 percent each in ascariasis and ancylostomiasis. The oxantel tablet treated group demonstrated a cure rate of 90.9 percent and an egg reduction rate of 96.3 percent in the treatment of Trichuris. There were no detectable objective and subjective side effects in this trial. Both oxantel/pyrantel and oxantel pamoate tablets were readily accepted and well tolerated.