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The yin-yang theory is a thinking model used by ancient people to recognize the world， which is highly compatible with multimodal metaphors. By summarizing the current researches on traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） yin-yang theory and thinking， it is found that there are more clinical researches but few empirical studies， and more conceptual studies but few empirical researches. In view of this， we proposed to conduct researches on TCM yin-yang thinking with the methods such as behavioral experiments， event-related potentials， and functional magnetic resonance imaging techniques， based on the multimodal metaphor theory from the perspective of cognitive science. According to the characteristics of yin-yang， the process of TCM yin-yang thinking is divided into two stages which are yin-yang classification and yin-yang reasoning， and the main directions of empirical research on yin-yang thinking in TCM are outlined by combining with the paradigm of cognitive science， that is， the researches are carried out from the cognitive characteristics of TCM yin-yang thinking， as well as the differences in cognitive mechanisms between TCM yin-yang thinking and western logical thinking.
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"If slight diarrhoea, replacing Ephedra with Daphninae"under the article 40 of Treatise on Febrile Diseasesis is controversial. There are two different opions in all physicians, one explaination it is in line with Zhang Zhongjing but without the evidence about"replacing Ephedra with Daphninae"; the other is that Daphninae is too strong to apply in diarrhoea. According to the analysis on Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases, the slight diarrhoea is the phenomenon of Vital qi exorcism. The reason why replacing Ephedra owing to exogenous evil disappearance, the construction of Daphninae Pinellia ternate and Paeony is to expell the water on the leaving way. And we draw a conclusion that the function of Paeony in Xiaoqinglong decoction is inclined to be expelling Water Qi.
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Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine laid the basic framework of the core view of five organs in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory system.In this paper,we used the methods of word frequency analysis and corpus analysis to conduct the quantitative and qualitative research of the concept of “five organs” and its similar concepts in the Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine,so as to examine the motives,subjects and auxiliary conditions.The word frequency analysis showed that the five collections were a universal concept in the Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine.Its connotation has the difference between the whole and the individual.The qualitative analysis of the “five organs” contexts showed that the direction of the serious pathological state provided a strong motive for the core view of “five organs”.The physiological functions of “five organs” are extensive,that other human body functions either begin with them or end with them.The five organs as whole break through the many restrictions of the situation as they are individuals,so that the five organs as the core of the human body possess stronger cohesion.The text function of five organs also provided the evidence of being the body core.The concept of the five organs class is the evolution of the concept of five organs.Its function is to solidify the context to its meaning,and to enhance the five organs concept of identity.
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Cancer is a serious threat to human health at present,so it is an important task in the medical field to overcome it.The first step is to recognize cancer.Metaphor is a universal cognitive mode.This paper analyzed the metaphorical phenomenon which the tumor growth process was described as plant growth.The results showed that in modern medicine,growth pattern,tumor shape characteristics,growth velocity and diffusion were using plant metaphors to illustrate.Tumor growth is the growth of stems and leaves of plants,plant root growth,plant fruit growth,plant growth in four seasons,special types of plant growth.The tumor metastasis is the seed spreading of the plant.The result implied that tumor in modern medicine was a metaphorical cognition of plants.This metaphor showed the vitality of tumor.
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Five elements theory is a constructive metaphorical system.Now,from the perspective of metaphor,studying on the five elements theory mainly focuses on the metaphorical cognitive thinking,metaphor cognitive type,metaphor cognitive system and so on,which has obtained certain research results.After systematically combing and analyzing the above contents,this paper points out the existing problems,and puts forward some suggestions on this basis:in the context of metaphorical cognition,we should focus on the study of the five elements theory from the standpoint of TCM,cognitive linguistics,cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience,especially the empirical study of relevant theories.Such as using the behavioral studies,Event-related potential to demonstrate the relationship between the five-tone and five-color,or exploring the new relationship.
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In the context of cognitive science,taking "diabetes mellitus" as an example,through sorting out and analyzing the treatment experience of Ren Jixue,Yan Dexin,and Lv Renhe,to explore the etiology and pathogenesis of its metaphysical characteristics and the cognitive roots of different governance.The experience of three doctors in the treatment of diabetes mellitus is based on the "natural fire","no firewood at the end of the cauldron","hub adverse" and other source domain construction;the unique experience of the physician formed different cognitive structures,resulting in the diversity of the origin of the conceptual metaphor of diabetes mellitus,and thus the diversity of metaphorical cognition of "diabetes mellitus".
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objective:to analyze the metaphor characteristics of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)etiology and pathogenesis of gout and the root of its metaphorical cognitive diversity.Methods:under the background of cognitive science,the metaphor theory was used to analyze the etiology and pathogenesis,the three Chinese medicine master'understanding on gout.Results:the etiology and pathogenesis of gout has unique metaphorical features.Conclusion:the pathogenesis theory of gout is a TCM theory based on the metaphor concept of "bi".The different physicians as the cognitive subject is an important reason for the cognitive diversity of the "gout" metaphor.
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In ancient China,there are many medical researchers studying in diseases recorded in Jin Gui Yao Lue such as wet disease,water qi disease,sputum drinking disease.However,these research methods and results fail to receive persistent development in modern studies.In this articles,metaphorical cognition was used to relate wet disease,water qi disease,sputum drinking disease to fog,cloud and water (or ice) respectively,to reacquaint these diseases.And in addition,relationships between the three diseases and the corresponding natural phenomena were discussed as well.We emphatically come up with the idea that the wet disease in traditional Chinese medicine theoretic system is not equal to the conception of edema.Instead,according to wet disease part in Jin Gui Yao lue,the characters of this disease is more like the changes of cloud.In the matter of treatment theory,we investigate the application of method of analogy to explain related formula.As a result,we found the compatibility rule of ancient prescription for wet disease followed the process of hydrological cycle in nature.
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The research take the argument of yin-yang deficiency and excess between Zhu Danxi and Zhang Jingyue as entry point,from the stand of metaphor to analyze the formation of basis and reason of respective opinion,and discover the metaphorical directive function to acknowledge etiology,disease,treatment,prescription in terms of incubative pathogen,SARS,“Ti hu jie gai”,smooth sailing with water rising,Li-yin Decoction and so on.Draw a conclusion that TCM theory is consist of a bunch of metaphor.A good metaphor not only explain the physiology and pathology of human body,but also the origin of establishing therapeutic principle and creating prescription.The theory of TCM after analogism will be reconstructed with hierarchical structure and coordinate structures.
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Even though a single prescription may be applied in different treatments, it may not be effective in treating patients with complex conditions. In cases like this, the problem can only be solved through the expanding of medicines in a prescription. Because a new prescription is not easy to create, the usage of adding another or more appropriate prescriptions into the prescription can be considered to expand the curative effects. The existing prescriptions were left by the confirmation of their curative effects from clinical tests which made by doctors of several generations. Therefore, the combination of prescriptions is a method which is convenient and easy to control the curative effects. By analogical reasoning, prescription user often uses a single prescription as a basic unit to generate the combined prescriptions from the existing corresponding prescription. It follows the rule of treatment based on syndrome differentiation to take a dynamic adjustment for complex symptoms. Disease with multiple major symptoms is the main basis for a doctor to use combined prescriptions. The combination of different prescriptions may produce the curative effects of addition, reinforcement, antagonism, or even new effects. Since traditional prescriptions have experienced many years of clinical tests, doctors who utilize traditional prescriptions actively will have more methods and ways to treat diseases.
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This study was aimed to analyze the similarities of characteristics between members of“metal family” in the five elements. Wittgenstein’s family resemblance theory was used in the analysis of members assigned to the category of“metal family”, which included metal, autumn, west, white, pungent and lung. The results showed that there was family resemblance between members of“metal family”. It was concluded that members were classified into the category of“metal family” through analogical reasoning of family resemblance. Any member to be classified as a member of“metal family” showed similarity with at least one of other family members. Certain member in the“metal family” had similarities in different aspects with multiple members in the family. Any two members of“metal family” may not always have any similarities. It can be deduced that certain physiological functions of lung were not owned by the lung itself, but by the characteristics of“metal family”. The range of“metal family” can be expanded and multiplied. The“metal family” can build new members in different areas.
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The proceeding of syndrome differentiation and treatment of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is like a problem-solving process, operated by the steps-- what is it, why does it form, and how do I do. Before making a treatment decision, a doctor needs to recognize all symptoms. However, the cognitive process is influenced by the doctor's previous knowledge and experience. Because of experimental techniques involved, TCM doctors today can see and understand the phenomenon which ancient doctors could not know. Besides, the laboratory test indices which ancient doctors could not know arouse new thinking and more interpretations of the etiology and pathogenesis for TCM doctors today. This paper would discuss the experimental techniques involved in changes of TCM treatment of liver cirrhosis as an example. It found that there were some kind of differences in understanding these issues between ancient and modern doctors, what is liver cirrhosis, why does it form, and how do I treat it. The more doctors' under-standings close to the truth of what liver cirrhosis is and why it forms, the more efficaciously they resolve the prob-lem, how to treat the disease.