RESUMEN
The aim of this study was to improve our knowledge about carcinogenesis and lifestyle, given their impact on the occurrence of breast cancer, emphasizing the importance of lifestyle changes as a preventive factor in the development of the disease. We conducted a bibliographic review with the analysis of 31 articles in English and Portuguese. As a result, the articles selected for study showed that factors such as diet, alcohol intake, smoking, obesity, physical activity, occupational exposure, hormonal factors (hormone therapy, contraceptives) and reproductive factors (menarche, menopause, nulliparity, pregnancy, breastfeeding) have a protective or risk effect on breast cancer. We conclude that eating healthy, with fruits, vegetables and greens, practicing moderate physical activity, avoiding alcoholic beverages and breastfeeding exclusively reduce the risk of developing breast cancer by 28%. Therefore, it is necessary to make the public aware of these modifiable risk factors
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Femenino , Neoplasias de la Mama/etiología , Estilo de Vida , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
ABSTRACT Background: Fecal incontinence causes a big impact on patient's quality of life. Our study analyzed the main questionnaires about fecal incontinence available internationally, aiming to delineate vantages and limitations of these instruments and their application, to mention the cultural aspects involved in the process of development and validation, as well as to suggest a reflection about the complexity of this matter. Results: Four of the instruments (Pescatori score, FISI, MSKCC bowel function instrument, and LARS score) do not include quality of life, working only as diagnostic tools. Two others, 'Jorge and Wexner Fecal Incontinence score', and 'St Marks' Fecal incontinence grading system' can diagnose and grade fecal incontinence, however they are very subtle in assessing quality of life. The 'EORTC Colorectal Cancer-specific', on the other hand, focuses exclusively on quality of life. Although the 'FIQL' questionnaire assesses quality of life related to fecal incontinence, it does not measure leakage. Lastly, the 'RAFIS' assesses both aspects but too superficially. Conclusion: None of the questionnaires analyzed were able to simultaneously assess both fecal incontinence and quality of life successfully. Furthermore, the concepts related to fecal incontinence have different meanings depending on the cultural and psychosocial context. These differences are even greater when individuals of developed countries like the ones where these questionnaires were developed are compared to the ones of developing countries, such as Brazil, which makes its very hard for these instruments to be used universally.
RESUMO Contexto: A incontinência anal acarreta grande impacto na qualidade de vida (QV) dos pacientes. Nosso estudo analisou os principais questionários sobre o tema disponíveis na literatura internacional, visando delinear vantagens e limitações desses instrumentos e de sua correta aplicação, bem como citar os aspectos culturais envolvidos no processo de sua criação e validação, e sugerir uma reflexão sobre a complexidade do tema. Métodos: Nessa revisão assistemática, utilizamos três bases de dados eletrônicas (MEDLINE, LILACS, e DeCS) para encontrar os 9 questionários mais utilizados no mundo, e palavras-chave relacionadas. Resultados: Quatro dos instrumentos estudados (Pescatori score, FISI, MSKCC bowel function instrument, e o LARS score) não abordam QV, funcionando apenas para diagnóstico. Outros dois, o 'Jorge and Wexner FI score', e o 'St Marks' FI grading system' diagnosticam e graduam bem a incontinência, porém apenas avaliam brevemente a QV. O 'EORTC Colorectal Cancer-specific', por sua vez, foca exclusivamente na QV. O questionário 'FIQL' apesar de conseguir avaliar a QV relacionada à função intestinal, não avalia vazamentos. Por fim, o 'RAFIS' avalia de forma muito simplificada esses aspectos. Conclusão: Nenhum dos questionários analisados se mostrou eficiente na avaliação simultânea da incontinência e da QV. Além disso, os conceitos que envolvem incontinência anal apresentam significados diferentes dependendo do contexto cultural e psicossocial. Essas diferenças são ainda maiores quando se comparam indivíduos dos países desenvolvidos onde esses questionários foram desenvolvidos, com os de países subdesenvolvidos como o Brasil, dificultando sua aplicação de forma universal.