Diabetes relacionada con la fibrosis quística / Cystic fibrosis-related diabetes

Los avances en el campo de la fibrosis quística han aumentado la esperanza de vida de estos pacientes, por lo que cada vez es más prevalente la Diabetes Relacionada con la Fibrosis Quística (DRFQ) y sus complicaciones. La DRFQ se asocia a mayor morbimortalidad, deterioro de la función pulmonar y del estado nutricional. Por lo mismo, el manejo óptimo de esta patología depende de un diagnóstico precoz, tratamiento individualizado y vigilancia de las complicaciones diabéticas. El screening de DRFQ debe realizarse anualmente a partir de los 10 años, mediante una Prueba de Tolerancia a la Glucosa Oral (PTGO), lo cual permite el diagnóstico. El manejo de esta patología tiene por objetivo estabilizar y mejorar la función pulmonar y el estado nutricional y metabólico de los pacientes. Actualmente, la insulina es el tratamiento farmacológico de elección para controlar la hiperglicemia y el esquema de uso debe ser individualizado para cada persona. En caso de enfermedades agudas pueden existir mayores requerimientos de insulina. Además, se deben tener consideraciones especiales en cuanto a la dieta y la insuficiencia pancreática exocrina que presentan estos pacientes. Para la vigilancia de complicaciones microvasculares se debe realizar una monitorización anual a partir de los 5 años desde el diagnóstico de DRFQ. Debido a la complejidad de estos pacientes, para alcanzar el mejor cuidado posible se necesita un enfoque multidisciplinario con distintos profesionales de la salud coordinados, incluyendo en la toma de decisiones al paciente y su familia.

Advances made in the field of cystic fibrosis have increased the life expectancy of these patients, which is why Cystic Fibrosis-Related Diabetes (CFRD) and its complications are becoming more and more prevalent. CFRD is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, lower lung function and inadequate weight maintenance. Therefore, the optimal management of this pathology depends on an early diagnosis, individualized treatment and monitoring of diabetic complications. For CFRD, routine screening with an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) should be carried out yearly from the age of 10, which allows to diagnose it. The treatment goals in CFRD are to stabilize and improve lung function and obtain adequate weight gain. Currently, insulin is the pharmacological treatment of choice to control hyperglycemia and the insulin regimen must be personalized for each person. In acute illnesses, there may be higher insulin requirements. In addition, special considerations must be taken regarding diet and exocrine pancreatic insufficiency that these patients present. For the surveillance of microvascular complications, annual monitoring should be carried out 5 years after the diagnosis of CFRD. Due to the complexity of these patients, in order to achieve the best possible care, a multidisciplinary approach is needed with different coordinated health professionals, including the patients and their family in the decision-making process.

Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 con tendencia a la cetosis: Caso clínico / Ketosis prone type 2 diabetes (KPD)

Ketosis prone type 2 diabetes (KPD) is presently a well-defined clinical entity, characterized by a debut with severe hyperglycemia and ketoacidosis similar to the presenting form of Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1). However, it appears in subjects with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) phenotype. This situation is caused by an acute, reversible dysfunction of the beta cell in individuals with insulin resistance. Once the acute stage subsides, patients behave as having a DM2 and do not require insulin treatment. They should be kept on a diet and oral hypoglycemic drugs due to their susceptibility to have recurrent acute ketotic decompensations.

Alteraciones hematológicas en la diabetes mellitus / Blood disorders in diabetes mellitus

Although it has been treated in a limited way the relationship between diabetes and hematopoietic system, there is evidence demonstrating thedeleterious effect of hyperglycemia on the three cell lines: red blood cells, white cells and platelets. Different forms of anemia associated with hyperglycemia are analyzed and erythrocyte alterations observed in diabetes. In chronic decompensated patients have been demonstrated alterationsof monocytes, lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear particularly, with decreased chemotaxis, adherence, phagocytosis and opsonization. Hyperglycemia determines a prothrombotic state by platelet hyperreactivity, which is a marker of inflammation...

Diabéticos tipo 1 portadores de síndrome metabólico: cuantificación de la resistencia a la insulina / Type 1 diabetics patients carriers of metabolic syndrome: quantification of insulin resistance

The presence of insulin resistance (IR) has been indirectly assessed in Type 1 Diabetics (T1DM) through the detection of Metabolic Syndrome (MS), by applying criteria for Type 2 Diabetics(T2DM). In the EDC study (the Pittsburg Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications) a formula applicable to T1DM was validated, quantifying IR through the glucose uptake (GU) employing the usual clinical and laboratory parameters, in patients with HbA1c < 11.4 percent. Objectives: To determine in T1DM whether there exists a relationship between the presence of MS according to the Modified NCEP/ATPIII criteria and IR quantification through assessment of the glucose uptake or GU. Patients and Method: The modified NCEP/ATPIII criteria were applied to 150 T1DM patients, and those with more than 3 altered parameters were classified as MS carriers. IR was quantified through the glucose uptake (GU), applying the formula for Estimated Glucose Disposal Rate (GDR-EDC). Results: 26.6 percent of the T1DM (40 patients) complied with the modified NCEP/ATPIII criteria. When the formula for GU was applied (31 patient), 90.3 percent of the T1DM showed insulin resistance (GU value < 8.77). And when applied to 124 patients (T1DM with and without MS and HbA1c < 11,4 percent) 75 percent showed IR...