RESUMEN
El objeto del presente estudio fue analizar las dietas de 39 mujeres (edad media = 34.3 años; IMC medio = 26.2 kg/m²) sanas y con lactancia exclusiva, mediante Encuesta Dietética de Recordatorio de 24 horas y utilizando el software Dial®, centrándonos en el aporte diario de calcio y vitamina D. La población a estudio se agrupó en función de si su ingesta en calcio era mayor (no restrictivas) o menor (restrictivas) a la Ingesta de Referencia para la Población según la Unión Europea. Los resultados obtenidos revelaron inicialmente que en un 64 por ciento de dicha población (restrictivas) el aporte energético seguía una tendencia deficitaria, siendo de 2042.7 ± 458.3 kcal. Además su ingesta de calcio (812.4 ± 211.2 mg/día) fue inferior (p<0.01) a la recomendada, así como la ingesta en vitamina D, en donde su aporte diario también fue deficitario (1.71 ± 1.59 µg/día) respecto al resto de la población (no restrictivas). Tras estos resultados, se puede concluir que un alto porcentaje de estas madres se encuentra por debajo de las recomendaciones nutricionales durante su etapa de lactancia, siendo aconsejable que fueran informadas por los profesionales sanitarios sobre los hábitos alimentarios requeridos en este periodo.
The aim of this study was to analyze the diets of 39 healthy, lactating women (average age = 34.3 years; average BMI = 26.2 kg/m²) by a 24-hour dietary recall. This investigation was focused on calcium and vitamin D intake. Nutrients were estimated using the software Dial®. These participants were divided into calcium restrictors, defined as calcium intake <1200 mg/day, and non-restrictors (>1200 mg/day). The results showed that 64 percent of the study population (restrictors) reported a mean energy intake (2042.7 ± 458.3 kcal), calcium intake (812.4 ± 211.2 mg/day) and vitamin D intake (1.71 ± 1.59 µg/day) below the adequate intake level (AI) and lower than non-restrictors estimated intakes (p<0.01). The conclusion of this study is that a high percentage of the lactating women consume a diet below nutritional recommendations during this stage. It is recommended that health professionals should inform these mothers about the correct dietary habits during this period.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Femenino , Adulto , Lactancia Materna , Calcio de la Dieta , Minerales en la Dieta/análisis , Estado Nutricional , Deficiencia de Vitamina D , Nutrición MaternaRESUMEN
Organic extracts of the sponge Aplysina fistularis (Pallas 1766) were tested for antimicrobial activity against Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and toxic activity of extract were determined. Susceptibility trials of organic fractions obtained by VLC: Hexane, EtOAc and CHCl3 showed that EtOAc fraction has antibacterial activity against E. coli, while CHCl3 fraction inhibited E. coli and S. aureus growth. The later refractioning of EtOAc fraction and the biodirected assays showed that fractions F12 and F13 of EtOAc/Hex and EtOAc F14 were bioactive against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Only EtOAc/MeOH Sf2 from subfractionig of EtOAc F14 produced inhibition for E. coli and S. aureus. In Sf2 EtOAc/MeOH, MIC was moderate for S. aureus (MIC > 256 g/ml). F4 CHCl3/MeOH produced a high inhibition in S. aureus (MIC = 0.125 g/ml) and for E. coli (MIC > 16 g/ml). F10 CHCl3/MeOH showed a moderate activity against S. aureus (MIC > 128 g/ml) and low activity against E. coli (MIC = 512 g/ml). F10 CHCL3/MeOH did no present toxic activity against Artemia salina. The fractiorts F4 CHCL3/MeOH and Sf2 EtOAc/MeOH were toxic for this organism when the concentration was higher than 100 microg/ml. LC50 in both cases was 548.4 and 243.4 microg/ml respectively. Secondary metabolites of medium polarity obtained from A. fistularis have a wide spectrum of anti bacterial activity. Toxicity analysis suggests that only F10 CHCL3/MeOH has potential as an antimicrobial agent for clinical use.