Hand, foot and mouth disease caused by Coxsackievirus A6 / 国际儿科学杂志

Hand, foot and mouth disease(HFMD)refers to infectious diseases caused by enteroviruses, of which coxsackievirus A16(CA16)and enterovirus 71(EV71)are the most common.In recent years, studies have found that the enterovirus pathogen spectrum of HFMD has changed.The new lineage of coxsackievirus A6(CoxA6)has gradually become a dominant strain, and it has spread in Europe, Asia Pacific and North America.The outbreak of CoxA6 related HFMD poses new challenges to the prevention and control of HFMD.Therefore, this article reviews the etiology, epidemiology, clinical features, laboratory diagnosis, preventive measures and vaccine research of CoxA6, and analyzes the genotypes and subtypes of HFMD-related CoxA6 strains, in order to provide new clues for the prevention and control of HFMD.

Effects of hospital-community-family trinity health education model on household disposal of insulin waste needles / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To conduct the integrated management of hospital, community and family for patients with insulin injection at home, in order to explore the influence of this trinity health education model on the knowledge of medical waste and the standard disposal of discarded needles.Methods:The self-designed questionnaire was used to investigate the knowledge and disposal of medical waste in outpatients, and the causes were analyzed carefully after the problems were found. The hospital, community and family were timely communicated and fed back to the ward and community. After 1, 3 and 6 months of educational intervention, the disposal of insulin needles, the knowledge of medical waste and the recovery of sharp instrument boxes were observed.Results:After 1, 3 and 6 months of health education, the final rate of insulin needles mixed into domestic waste was 51.8% (144/278), 15.1% (42/278) and 4.7% (13/278), respectively. Compared with the first result of 99.6% (277/278), the difference was statistically significant ( χ2=173.046, 406.136, 502.346, P<0.01); The first survey found that the correct rate of responding to medical waste knowledge items was low. After health education for 1, 3 and 6 months, the correct rate of medical waste related knowledge items was significantly higher than that of the first survey, and the difference was statistically significant ( OR=3.016-3 548.810; 95% CI 2.108-917.869, 4.315-19 777.062; χ2=25.180-524.895; P<0.01) ; After 1, 3 and 6 months of health education, the qualified rate of medical waste knowledge was 82.4% (229/278),75.9% (211/278) and 97.1% (270/278), respectively, which was significantly higher than the first result of 6.5% (18/278). The difference was statistically significant ( χ2=324.328, 273.712, 453.832, P<0.01). The sharp box recovery of hepatitis B patients was relatively good. Conclusion:Hospital-community-family Trinity health education model can improve the breadth and depth of education objects, not only can improve the knowledge of medical waste related to insulin injection patients at home, but also can improve the standardized disposal ability of insulin waste needles. With the passage of time, the effect of health education continues to be good. This integrated health education model is worth popularizing in clinic.

Study of Spatio-temporal variation of heavy metals in Luoyang River, Quanzhou / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objectives To determine the contents of heavy metals lead, cadmium, mercury, arsenic, and chromium in water and sediment samples from Luoyang River in Quanzhou City, Fujian Province, and to understand the temporal and spatial distribution of heavy metal pollutants. Methods In 2018, 231 water and sediment samples were collected from 43 sampling points in 6 representative areas in Luoyang River during normal, rainy and dry seasons. The presence of heavy metals in the samples was then determined. Results Pb, Cd, Hg, As and Cr6+ were not detected in the water samples. Pb, Cd, Hg, As and Cr were detected in the sediments were 10.33,0.33,0.029,5.18 and 23.3 mg/kg , but the contents were low. Conclusion The water and sediments of Luoyang River in 2018 had good quality, both of which met Class I standards according to the environmental quality standards for surface water and for marine sediment quality, respectively.

Effects of hospital-community-family trinity health education model on household disposal of insulin waste needles / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective@#To conduct the integrated management of hospital, community and family for patients with insulin injection at home, in order to explore the influence of this trinity health education model on the knowledge of medical waste and the standard disposal of discarded needles.@*Methods@#The self-designed questionnaire was used to investigate the knowledge and disposal of medical waste in outpatients, and the causes were analyzed carefully after the problems were found. The hospital, community and family were timely communicated and fed back to the ward and community. After 1, 3 and 6 months of educational intervention, the disposal of insulin needles, the knowledge of medical waste and the recovery of sharp instrument boxes were observed.@*Results@#After 1, 3 and 6 months of health education, the final rate of insulin needles mixed into domestic waste was 51.8% (144/278), 15.1% (42/278) and 4.7% (13/278), respectively. Compared with the first result of 99.6% (277/278), the difference was statistically significant (χ2=173.046, 406.136, 502.346, P<0.01); The first survey found that the correct rate of responding to medical waste knowledge items was low. After health education for 1, 3 and 6 months, the correct rate of medical waste related knowledge items was significantly higher than that of the first survey, and the difference was statistically significant (OR=3.016-3 548.810; 95%CI 2.108-917.869, 4.315-19 777.062; χ2=25.180-524.895; P<0.01) ; After 1, 3 and 6 months of health education, the qualified rate of medical waste knowledge was 82.4% (229/278),75.9% (211/278) and 97.1% (270/278), respectively, which was significantly higher than the first result of 6.5% (18/278). The difference was statistically significant (χ2=324.328, 273.712, 453.832, P<0.01). The sharp box recovery of hepatitis B patients was relatively good.@*Conclusion@#Hospital-community-family Trinity health education model can improve the breadth and depth of education objects, not only can improve the knowledge of medical waste related to insulin injection patients at home, but also can improve the standardized disposal ability of insulin waste needles. With the passage of time, the effect of health education continues to be good. This integrated health education model is worth popularizing in clinic.

Investigation of the application of nosocomial infection prevention and control measures as stipulated in COVID-19 pandemic emergency plans / 中华医院管理杂志

Objective:To learn the application of nosocomial infection prevention and control measures as stipulated in COVID-19 emergency plans by medical institutions at all levels in the region, for the purpose of strengthening epidemic prevention and control.Methods:During March 12-13, 2020, customized questionnaires were used to learn from 186 hospitals and medical institutions regarding the basics of their nosocomial prevention management departments, emergency plan application and revisions made. Comparison of the ratios or constituent ratios were tested with χ2 test, while the continuous variables analysis between groups was verified with one-way ANOVA. Results:77.53% of the medical institutions had set up independent nosocomial infection management departments, and 87.30% of the institutions were qualified. 80% of the medical institutions had in place emergency plans for respiratory infectious diseases, but 98.05% of them had revised their plans during the pandemic, with an average of 10.85 newly added and revised provisions. Only 30.11% of emergency planed provide for clearly graded early warning.Conclusions:Efforts should be upgraded to develop an emergency prevention and control system for infection prevention and control in epidemics, and improve technical support for infection prevention and control in the system; to strengthen the clearly-graded early warning and graded responses in a scientific manner; and conduct regular drills, revise plan to ensure its applicability.

Study on the effect of acupoint massage on blood glucose in type 2 diabetic patients / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To investigate the effect of acupoint massage on blood glucose in type 2 diabetic patients. Methods A total of 67 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, using the random number table method were divided into experimental group of 34 cases and 33 cases in the control group by random number table method. The experimental group was given five groups of acupoint massage and "five carriages" management to diabetes patients (control diet, exercise, blood sugar and lipid lowering drugs, diabetes knowledge propaganda and education, blood glucose monitoring). The control group was administered only the "five carriages" of diabetes. The two groups were observed for 2 months, and were compared the changes of biochemical indexes of glucose metabolism. Results After 2 months, the experimental group's fasting plasma glucose (FBG), 2 hours postprandial blood glucose (2 hBG), and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) decreased from the original (10.12±4.15) mmol/L, (15.32±5.65) mmol/L, and (9.36 ± 2.78)% to (6.04 ± 1.75) mmol/L, (8.42 ± 3.01) mmol/L, (6.35 ± 0.78) % , respectively, there were statistically significant differences within the group (t=5.28, 6.28, 6.08 respectively, all P<0.01). After 2 months, the FBG, 2 hBG, and HbA1c in the control group decreased from (11.23±6.02) mmol/L, (16.31± 6.23) mmol/L, and (9.67 ± 2.59) % to (7.12 ± 1.21) mmol/L, (9.58 ± 2.68) mmol/L, and (7.47 ± 1.96) % , respectively, and the differences within the group were statistically significant (t = 3.90, 5.79, and 3.95, respectively, all P<0.01). After 2 months, there was a significant difference between the FBG, 2 hBG, and HbA1c groups in the experimental group and the control group (t=2.96, 1.69, 3.09, P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the FBG and 2 hBG groups after 1 week of intervention in the experimental group (P>0.05). Conclusions To acupoint massage with basic intervention for type 2 diabetes patients can effectively consolidate the hypoglycemic effect, which is worthy of clinical reference and promotion.

Packaging of Rift Valley fever virus pseudoviruses and establishment of a neutralization assay method

Rift Valley fever (RVF) is an acute, febrile zoonotic disease that is caused by the RVF virus (RVFV). RVF is mainly prevalent on the Arabian Peninsula, the African continent, and several islands in the Indian Ocean near southeast Africa. RVFV has been classified by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) as a category A pathogen. To avoid biological safety concerns associated with use of the pathogen in RVFV neutralization assays, the present study investigated and established an RVFV pseudovirus-based neutralization assay. This study used the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) lentiviral packaging system and RVFV structural proteins to successfully construct RVFV pseudoviruses. Electron microscopy observation and western blotting indicated that the size, structure, and shape of the packaged pseudoviruses were notably similar to those of HIV lentiviral vectors. Infection inhibition assay results showed that an antibody against RVFV inhibited the infective ability of the RVFV pseudoviruses, and an antibody neutralization assay for RVFV detection was then established. This study has successfully established a neutralization assay based on RVFV pseudoviruses and demonstrated that this method can be used to effectively evaluate antibody neutralization.

Development, validities and reliabilities of the Counseling Skills Rating Scale for Psychological Aids Hotline / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective:To develop the Counseling Skills Rating Scale for Psychological Aids Hotline (CSRSPAH),an instrument to objectively assess the quality of process of counseling or intervention provided by hotline operators,and to test its validities and reliabilities.Methods:A draft of the scale,which consisted of 50 items under 5 dimensions,was designed in line with previous researches and the practice.In pilot study,supervisors at Beijing psychological aids hotline,assessed tape recorded sessions and gave feedbacks on the draft of the scale.The scale had been revised based on the pilot study.Twenty-eight items were deleted,and several items were rephrased.Finally,a scale which consisted of 22 items within 3 dimensions,i.e.counseling process,attitude,and communication skill,was developed.The scoring standards of the scale were also developed.To evaluate the IntraClass Coefficients (ICC) of the CSRSPAH,each of the tape records of 37 callings from 2005 to 2007 were assessed by 7 supervisors independently,using the scale.And the tape records of other 318 callings from 2013 to 2014 were also assessed by supervisors,using the CSRSPAH.The results of the 318 assessed callings were used to test the construct validities with the Confirmative Factor Analysis.The Cronbach a coefficients of the total score and three dimensions,the discriminant indices of every items,and correlations of each items and each dimensions were calculated,based on the 318 assessed callings.Results:One of the items (referral) was deleted due to excessive amount of missing data.Results of cortfirmative factor analysis of the remained 21-item scale revealed that the 3-factor construct structure of the scale was robust.The fitting indices of the confirm factor analysis were,x2/df=675.21/186,CFI =0.92,NNFI =0.91,RMSEA =0.10,SRMR =0.08.The Cronbach α coefficients of the total score,scores of counseling process,attitude,and communication skill,were 0.89,0.68,0.81 and 0.77,respectively.The ICCs of the inter-rater reliabilities of the total score and 3 dimensions of the scale were 0.67,0.59,0.59,and 0.67,respectively.The discriminant indices of all the 21 items ranged from 0.09 to 0.32.The correlation coefficients of scores of each items and scores of 3 dimensions and total scores were greater than 0.30,and reached statistical significance.Conclusion:The validities and reliabilities of the Counseling Skills Rating Scale for Psychological Aids Hotline are acceptable.The scale could be used in assessing the quality of hotline counseling or intervention,and related studies in the future.

Synthesis of new 4-anilinoquinazoline analogues and evaluation of their EGFR inhibitor activity / 药学学报

Thirteen of 4-anilinoquinazoline derivatives with imine groups at position 6 of quinazoline ring were synthesized and their antitumor activities were evaluated by MTT assay and Western blotting analysis. Among these compounds, 13a-131 were reported first time. The MTT assay was carried out on three human cancer cell lines (A549, HepG2 and SMMC7721) with EGFR highly expressed. Among the tested compounds, 13i and 13j exhibited notable inhibition potency and their IC50 values on three cell lines were equivalent to or less than those of gefitinib. Compound 14, without imine group substituted, displayed excellent inhibitor potency only on A549 cell line. Compounds 14 and 13j were chosen to perform Western blotting analysis on A549. The results showed that both of the compounds could inhibit the expression level of phosphorylated EGFR remarkably. It was concluded that the inhibitor potency of compound 14 was almost equivalent to that of gefitinib and the inhibitor potency of 13j was better than that of gefitinib.

The characteristics of psychological aids hotline callers with repeated attempted suicides / 中国神经精神疾病杂志

Objective To Compare characteristics between the psychological aids hotline callers who had single attempted suicide and those callers who had repeated attempted suicide. Methods The analysis was conducted on the da?tabase of Beijing psychological aids hotline from Dec., 2002 to Dec., 2008. All the effective callers were consulted by pro?fessional hotline operators. During the calling, the callers were interviewed on their attempted suicides, depression and 11 correlates associated with caller's suicidal behaviors. Results Among 4519 callers who had attempted suicide, 2441 (54%) of them had attempted suicide once, and the other 2078 (46.0%) callers had repeated suicide attempts. After ad?justed for gender, age, and the other 4 demographic variables, history of being abused (OR=1.35, 95%CI: 1.08~1.67), afraid of being attack (OR=1.35, 95%CI: 1.01~1.59), relatives or associates with prior suicidal behavior history (OR=1.17, 95%CI: 1.001~1.36), hopelessness (OR=1.20, 95%CI: 1.02~1.40), and psychological treatment history (OR=0.73, 95%CI:0.62~0.86) were associated with repeated suicide among hotline callers. Conclusions To improve the effective?ness of hotline based suicide prevention, assessment of risk of repeated attempted suicide among the callers with a histo?ry of prior attempted suicide should focus on the history of being abused, afraid of being attack, hopelessness, relatives or associates with prior suicide history, and psychological treatment history.

Related factors of attempted suicide among Beijing psychological aids hotline callers / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objectives:To explore the prevalence and correlates of attempted suicide among Beijing psycho-logical aids hotline callers,in order to provide knowledge of hotline-based suicide prevention.Methods:From De-cember 2002 to December 2008,all the effective callers who consulted themselves'psychological problem,by Bei-jing psychological aids hotline were interviewed by professional hotline operators during the consulting calling.Data of whether callers attempted suicidal behavior in 2 weeks prior to the calling,gender and other 5 demographic char-acteristics of callers were collected via hotline interview.A questionnaire including depression screening scale,com-mon psychiatric symptoms such as delusion,hallucination,etc.,a history of substance abuse or dependence,a histo-ry of suicidal behavior,having had acute or chronic life events,and severity of hopeless was used during hotline in-terview.Logistic regression model was used.Results:In 22 415 interviewed callers,362 (1.6%)callers (233 fe-males)reported that they attempted suicidal behavior in 2 weeks prior to the calling.After adjusted for demographic characteristics,prior suicidal behavior 2 weeks before calling (OR=4.43,95%CI:3.37-5.83),hopelessness (OR=2.01,95%CI:1.52-2.67),substance abuse (OR=1.97,95%CI:1.48 -2.62),acute negative life events (OR=1.94,95%CI:1.49-2.52),and severe depressive symptoms (OR=1.45,95%CI:1.08-1.95)were associatedwith attempted suicide among hotline callers.Conclusion:The rates of attempted suicide among hotline callers are probably high.Suicide prevention in hotline would shed light on improving coping skills for life events and sub-stance abuse problems for hotline callers.

Characteristics of Beijing Psychological Crisis Hotline callers with the diagnosis of mental disorders / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective:To understand the characteristics of the callers with the diagnosis of mental disorders called Beijing Psychological Crisis Hotline for help,in order to provide specific psychological intervention services for them in future.Methods:From December 2002 to December 2008,24217 different callers'data collected from a computer-based operating system of the Beijing Psychological Crisis Hotline were analyzed.According to their self-reported of having the diagnoses of mental disorder or not,the callers were divided into the ones with diagnosis (n=6516)and the ones without diagnosis (n =17701).The callers'demographic characteristics,their main counseling problems and the suicide-related factors in the two groups were compared.Results:The top five main counseling problems in the group with diagnosis were mental problems,the mental illness related knowledge,the problems of family relationships,working problems and interpersonal problems.Mental problem ranked first in both groups.Compared to the group without diagnosis,the diagnosed ones were more likely to be found in such group of people as women,aged between 20 -29 and 30 -44,having 10 or more years of education and the unem-ployed.The results of the assessments of 11 suicide-related risk factors showed that callers with diagnoses had higher prevalence of most suicide-related factors than those in the other group(P <0.001 or 0.05),which included suicidal intention and behavior while calling,history of attempted suicide,severe depressive symptoms,severe physi-cal illness,history of being abused,afraid of being attacked,suicidal history of relatives or associates,severe of hopeless.Conclusion:The hotline counselors should be aware of the necessity of assessing the severity of depres-sion and other suicide-related factors for the callers with mental disorder diagnoses before providing any psychologi-cal intervention.Moreover,except for providing interventions on the callers'psychiatric problems,the hotline coun-selors should also identify and help to deal with the stress events in their lives.

Transcriptional activation function of hepatitis B virus Pre S1 protein in yeast / 中华实验和临床病毒学杂志

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>To explore the feasibility of cloning of the hepatocyte receptor interacting with the Pre S1 protein of HBV by two hybrid system.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Yeast expression plasmids encoding fusion proteins of full length or portions of Pre S1 of HBV and DNA binding domain of yeast protein GAL4 were constructed and used to transform yeast reporter strain SFY526. Reporter gene product ?galactosidase activity was assayed as a measure of transcription activation in yeast. Mammalian expression plasmid encoding fusion proteins of full length Pre S1 and DNA binding domain of GAL4 was constructed and used to cotransfect hepatoma cell line Huh?7 together with CAT reporter plasmid. Cell extracts were assayed for CAT activity by thin?layer chromatography.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The fusion proteins of full length Pre S1 protein and GAL4 DNA binding domain present transcriptional activation function in yeast. The transcription activating sequence is localized to the 21 to 47 amino acids of Pre S1 protein Fusion proteins of full length Pre S 1 and GAL 4 DNA binding domain do not show transcriptional activation function in mammalian cells.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The transcriptional activating sequence of HBVPre S1 protein in yeast overlaps the hepatocyte receptor binding site. The transcriptional activation function of HBV Pre S1 protein in yeast may prevent researchers?from using yeast two hybrid system to clone HBV receptor interacting with Pre S1 protein. However, the Pre S1 protein does not show transcriptional activation function in mammalian cells. Mammalian two?hybrid system may be a practical method to clone the HBV hepatocyte receptor interacting with Pre S1 protein.</p>

Apoptosis of human fetal glomerular endothelial cell induced by neutrophil proteinase 3 from ANCA positive children with SLE / 中华风湿病学杂志

Objective To investigate whether the neutrophil serine proteinase 3 (PR 3),a specific autoantigen of C ANCA,could induce human fetal glomerular endothelial cell apoptosis in vitro .Methods PR 3 was isolated from polymorphonuclear leukocytes obtained from C ANCA positive children with SLE.The cultured glomerular endothelial cells from human fetal kidneys were treated with PR 3 and apoptosis was assessed by different methods including the propidium iodide staining,DNA fragmentation analysis,and morphology observation.Results Percentage of apoptotic cells significantly increased ( P