The Relationship between Height and Body Weight and Penile Size in University Students / 대한비뇨기과학회지

PURPOSE: Is there any relationship between penile size and physical stature? This study was performed to answer this question and provide guidelines of penile size to assist in counseling patients for penile augmentation. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Penile size, body weight and height were measured in 150 young healthy men, and the body mass index(BMI) was calculated in weight(kg)/height(m)2. The penile length and circumference were measured with tape in flaccid and erect states. The 'lengthening ratio' was calculated by 'erect length/flaccid length', and 'tumescent ratio' was calculated by 'erect circumference/flaccid circumference'. All the data was statistically evaluated and the following results were obtained. Result : The average length and circumference were 8.26+/-1.07cm and 8.34+/-1.03cm respectively in the flaccid state, and 13.42+/-1.38cm and 11.17+/-1.05cm in the erect state. The average lengthening and tumescent ratios were 1.64+/-0.22 and 1.35+/-0.08, and were negatively correlated to the flaccid penile length and circumference. Height was positively correlated to erect penile length and lengthening ratio. There was a relationship between body weight and erect penile length in a positive direction, but with other penile parameters there were none. There was no relationship between BMI and any parameters of penile size. However, the erect penile length of the normal BMI group was longer than that of the lower BMI group. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that the flaccid penile size is related to the erect penile size and there is some relation between penile size and physical stature. We believe these results will be applicable to the penile augmentation.

Experience of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy with Northgate SD-3 in 2500 Patients of Urinary Calculi / 대한비뇨기과학회지

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) has been established as the first line procedure of urinary stone treatment. To evaluate clinical efficacy and to identify the criteria of proper patient selection tempered by understanding of the limitations of the ESWL therapy available. We reviewed 2500 patients with urinary stone treated by ESWL using the Northgate SD-3 lithotriptor between June, 1989 and May, 1995. The results were obtained as follows: 1. The total average success rate of treatment was 92.6%. 2. The success rate according to stone locations were 88% in kidney (1074/1214 cases), 93.5% in ureter(1275/1323 cases) and 92.7% in bladder (38/41 cases). 3. The success rate according to stone size measured on the KUB film were 98.0% below 10mm, 91.0% in 11 - 20mm, 80.0% in 21 - 30mm and 68.7% over 31mm. 4. The average numbers of treatment were 2.3 sessions and the mean number of shock per treatment were 1940 +- 230. 5. Of the 2578 cases, 2178(84.5%) were treated by ESWL monotherapy. For auxiliary procedure, Double-J stents were placed in 64 cases and nephrostomy in 49 cases. Stone manipulation including push back, Dormia basket, Ureteroscopy were performed in 161 cases. We conclude that as a highly effective and minimally invasive treatment modality, ESWL has become to be the therapy of choice in 85.5% of urinary stones. When ESWL therapy is less effective for stone size larger than 3 cm(68.7%), staghorn calculi (65.5%) and presence of anatomical barriers, the additional endourologic procedures need to be indicated.

Experience of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy with Northgate SD-3 in 2500 Patients of Urinary Calculi / 대한비뇨기과학회지

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) has been established as the first line procedure of urinary stone treatment. To evaluate clinical efficacy and to identify the criteria of proper patient selection tempered by understanding of the limitations of the ESWL therapy available. We reviewed 2500 patients with urinary stone treated by ESWL using the Northgate SD-3 lithotriptor between June, 1989 and May, 1995. The results were obtained as follows: 1. The total average success rate of treatment was 92.6%. 2. The success rate according to stone locations were 88% in kidney (1074/1214 cases), 93.5% in ureter(1275/1323 cases) and 92.7% in bladder (38/41 cases). 3. The success rate according to stone size measured on the KUB film were 98.0% below 10mm, 91.0% in 11 - 20mm, 80.0% in 21 - 30mm and 68.7% over 31mm. 4. The average numbers of treatment were 2.3 sessions and the mean number of shock per treatment were 1940 +- 230. 5. Of the 2578 cases, 2178(84.5%) were treated by ESWL monotherapy. For auxiliary procedure, Double-J stents were placed in 64 cases and nephrostomy in 49 cases. Stone manipulation including push back, Dormia basket, Ureteroscopy were performed in 161 cases. We conclude that as a highly effective and minimally invasive treatment modality, ESWL has become to be the therapy of choice in 85.5% of urinary stones. When ESWL therapy is less effective for stone size larger than 3 cm(68.7%), staghorn calculi (65.5%) and presence of anatomical barriers, the additional endourologic procedures need to be indicated.

Nonobstructive Right Retrocaval Ureter Associated with Double Inferior Vena Cava / 대한비뇨기과학회지

Retrocaval ureter is a rare congenital anomaly. We experienced a case of retrocaval ureter with double inferior vena cava and with intermittent right flank pain in 54 years old female. We performed IVU, RGP, Venacavogram, MRI, and diuretic DTPA renal scan. MRI is the best single study to delineate the anatomy clearly and noninvasively. She was treated with conservative treatment.

The Prognostic Parameters for Recurrence in the Superficial Bladder Cancer / 대한비뇨기과학회지

A retrospective study of 46 patients with primary superficial bladder tumor was performed to identify the prognostic parameters which affect tumor recurrence. We examined 4 parameters such as stage, grade, size and number of tumor and each parameter was compared with recurrence rate respectively. The recurrence rate of stage Ta and T1 within 2 years was 33.3 % and 71% (p0.05) and tumor size had no effect on tumor recurrence(p>0.06). Early recurrence rate within 1 year of grade I, II and III was 20%, 32% and 100% respectively(p< 0.01 ) but stage, number of tumor and tumor size were not correlated significantly with early recurrence rate within 1 year. A separate evaluation of the 4 parameters showed that stage and grade have a significant influence on tumor recurrence. Therefore more aggressive therapy and intensive follow-up should be considered for patients with high stage and high grade tumors.

Biochemical evaluation of 24-hour urine in stone patients / 대한비뇨기과학회지

The fifty four patients with urinary stones(38 men. 16 women) and nine controls on usual constant diet were evaluated with the measurement of urinary minerals. electrolytes, citrate and calculation or net gastrointestinal absorption or alkali by recently devised simple method, i.e., (Na+K+ Ca + Mg)-(CI +1.8P) of urine, to evaluate prevalence of either hypo-or hyper-excretion of each items as well as to see possible correlation between citraturia and net gastrointestinal absorption of alkali. In 24-hour urine measurement, the stone patients in comparison with controls showed hyperexcretion of calcium(p<0.05), oxalate(p<0.05) and sodium(p<0.05) and hypoexcretion of phosphorus( p<0.05), potassium(p<0.001) and citrate(p <0.05). Hypocilraturia(less than 320mg/ dl) was noted in 64.8% of all stone patients though mean urine citrate levels were higher in women compared to men without statistical significance. In view of gender difference, all 24-hour urine analysis except citrate in stone patients were higher in men than women. of which calcium, creatinine, potassium and chloride were statistically significant(p<0.05). A retrograde analysis between citraturia and net gastrointestinal absorption of alkali in both stone patients and controls didn`t reveal any significant correlation. In conclusion, 24-hour urine biochemistries are an influential factor or the stone formation and this study regarding to relation between hypocitraturia and reduced net gastrointestinal absorption of alkali shows no correlation."

The effect of double-J stent in extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy monotherapy of staghorn calculi / 대한비뇨기과학회지

From June 1989 to October 1991. 52 patients with renal staghorn calculi (34 with incomplete staghorn renal calculi and I8 with complete staghorn calculi) underwent extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. monotherapy by Northgate SD-3 Iithotriptor. Of 52 patients, 27 were treated without preoperative double-J stenting. while 25 underwent double-J stenting before extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. The mean shock waves per patients were gradually increased in proportion to stone burdens rather than the insertion of double-J stent. The average duration of hospitalization was shorter for The group who received prophylactic double-J stenting. The incidence of postoperative complications such as ureteral obstruction, colic, fever decreased in double-J stenting group, but was not statistically significant (p>0.05). 62% (32 cases) of the patients were free of stones after 6 months but double-J stenting did not influence the rate free of stones.

Treatment of upper ureteral stone with ESWL: push back effect / 대한비뇨기과학회지

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) was performed in 122 patients with upper ureteral calculi managed by 3 different techniques ; ESWL in situ. after push back and after placement of push back ureteral catheter below the stone in patients of failure to push back. To investigate the push back effect for upper ureteral stone, we reviewed 3 different treatment modalities. Of 122 patients push back was performed in 54 patients, which was successful in 27 patients (50%). The success rate of ESWL and the number of total average shock waves were 100%, 1667 waves in successful push back patients. 98.5%. 3007 waves in situ treatment and 88.9%, 4133 waves in patients of failure to push back. Complications of push back were infrequent, with the most common being ureteral perforation in 2 patients. all of which were managed conservatively. Push back of upper ureteral calculi improved success rate of ESWL and reduced significantly the number of average shock Waves.

Initial Clinical Experience of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy using the Northgate SD-3 Lithotriptor / 대한비뇨기과학회지

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy monotherapy was performed in 72 renoureteral units from 66 patients with the Northgate SD-3 lithotriptor using ultrasound stone localization between June 21, and August 25, 1989. Of 72 cases renal stones were 46 cases( 63.9% ) and ureteral stones 26 cases ( 36.1% ). No regional or general anesthesia were necessary but sedatives or analgesics were required in most patients. Among 67 cases who completed extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, the success rate of treatment(rate free of calculi plus that of clinically insignificant residual stone fragments) was achieved 100% below 20mm, 87.5% in 21-30mm and 100% over 31mm and the total mean success rate was 97%. 23 cases( 31.9% ) were required auxiliary procedures such as Double-J stent in 14 cases, push up procedures 6 cases and stone basket 3 cases. Poet-lithotripsy complications were transient macroscopic hematuria in 90%, renal colic 20.8%, steinstrasse 13.9%, fever 6.9% and subcapsular hematoma 2.8% and these complications were controlled with conservative management. We suggest that extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy monotherapy with the Northgate SD-3 lithotriptor was considered to be effective and safe procedure for the initial treatment of urinary stone.

Nonfunctioning Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma: A case report / 대한비뇨기과학회지

Adrenal cortical carcinoma is classified clinically as functioning and nonfunctioning and the latter is though to be extremely rare and causes generally mass effect or symptoms due to metastasis because of insufficient steroid secretion. We report a case of nonfunctioning adrenal cortical carcinoma, which is thought to be heterotopic origin.

A Case of the Metastatic Tumor of the Epididymis in the Undescended Testis / 대한비뇨기과학회지

Metastatic tumors of the epididymis are rare and only 10 cases were reported. The primary tumor sites were kidney, stomach, prostate, ileum, sigmoid colon and pancreas. We recently observed a case of metastatic carcinoma to the epididymis from a primary cancer in the sigmoid and transverse colon.

A Diagnostic Significance of Transurethral and Transrectal Ultrasonography / 대한비뇨기과학회지

An ultrasonic scanner in the field of urology is described that can be used for transurethral as well as for transrectal scanning of the bladder and prostate. The bladder was visualized best by transurethral scanning, while the rectal approach was preferable for examination of the prostate. Transurethral ultrasonography was performed in 7 patients with bladder cancer. Transrectal ultrasonography was performed in 21 controls and 41 patients with prostatic disease. The following results were obtained: 1. Diagnostic accuracy of the staging of transurethral ultrasonography was 85.7% in bladder cancer. 2. The average values of maximum anterioposterior, superio-inferior and transverse diameter. obtained from ultrasonogram were 2.43+/-0.29cm, 3.27+/-0.41cm, 4.07+/-0.91cm in control group ;3.11+/-0.6lcm, 4.16+/-0.66 cm, 4.71+/-0.76cm in B.P.H.; 3.65+/-0.46cm, 4.88+/-0.23cm, 5.98+/-0.18cm in prostatic cancer. 3. Diagnostic accuracy of transrectal ultrasonography was 93% in B.P.H. and 80% in prostatic cancer. 4. Transurethral ultrasonography enabled us to determine the degree of tumor invasion of the bladder wall and was useful to help select appropriate therapy. Transrectal ultrasonography has proved especially in estimating prostatic size and in detecting pathology.

A Case of Infected Urachal Sinus / 대한비뇨기과학회지

The urachus lies between the peritoneum and transversalis fascia and extend from the anterior dome of the bladder toward the umbilicus. The urachal sinus is opened at the umbilicus superiority and not connected with the bladder. This may become symptomatic at any age with an infected discharge. We experienced a case of infected urachal sinus in a 21 years old girl, so we report this case with review of literatures.

Clinical Study of Augmentin in G-U Tract Infection / 대한비뇨기과학회지

Augmentin is a formulation of amoxycillin trihydrate and potassium clavulanate, a fused beta-lactam molecule produced by the fermentation of straptomyces clavuligerus. Most clinically important resistance is due to the production by bacteria of antibiotic destroying enzymes. In the case of penicillins and cephalospolins these enzymes are termed beta-lactamse as they destroy the beta-lactam ring of these antibiotics completely inactivating them. The presence of clavulanic acid extends the spectrum of amoxycillin to include beta-lactamse producing strains of common pathogens such as Staphylococcus, H influenza, E. coli, Neisseria spp, Proteus spp, Salmonella and Shigella. On clinical study of Augmenting in the field of Genitourinary tract infection cases. We selected randomly 30 patients, 20 males and 10 females, age from 21 to 71, in the period from October, 1985 to February, 1986. Among the total 30 patients, 15 were uncomplicated urinary tract infection and 15 were complicated urinary tract infection. Of the 15 patients with uncomplicated urinary tract infection, 14 patients had not bacteriuria after therapy and 1 patient was not changed. The clinical efficacy rate was 93.4%. Of the 4 patients with persistent infection, 2 patients had resistant P. aeruginosa, and 2 patients had S marcescens persistantly. The clinical efficacy rate was 73.4%. In 2 cases, mild diarrhea was developed, but medication was not stopped. The liver and renal function were normal range before and after treatment.

A Study on Serum and Urinary Calcium, Inorganic Phosphorus and Serum Parathyroid Hormone Levels in Patients with Renal Stone / 대한비뇨기과학회지

A study was performed on contributing factors of stone formation, such as serum and urinary calcium, inorganic phosphorus and serum PTH in 63 patients with renal stone comparing those in 45 controls. The following results were obtained. 1. The mean values of serum calcium levels of patients were significantly higher than those of controls in total male and female. And those of urinary calcium levels of patients were significantly higher than those of controls in total and female but not in male. 2. The mean values of serum and urinary inorganic phosphorus levels did not show significant difference between patients and controls. 3. The mean values of serum parathyroid hormone levels of patients were higher than those of controls, but did not show significant difference between both groups. 4. The incidences of hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria, hyperphosphatemia and elevated serum parathyroid hormone levels of patients were higher then those of controls, but showed significant difference between both groups in hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria.

Giant Hydronephrosis Combined with Ureteral Stone / 대한비뇨기과학회지

Urinary obstruction leads to hydronephrosis, distention of renal pelvis and calices with urine accompanying atrophy of renal parenchyma. Especially longstanding incomplete obstruction may lead to giant hydronephrosis and terminate in destruction of the organ We experienced a case of giant hydronephrosis combined with ureteral stone in 50 year old man, so we report this case with review of literatures.

A Case of Leiomyoma on the Penis / 대한비뇨기과학회지

Leiomyoma is benign tumor, which usually occurs at the smooth muscle of gastrointestinal tract and uterus but leiomyoma on the penis is very. rare neoplasm. We experienced a case of leiomyoma on the penis in a 17 year old man, so we report this case with review of literatures.

Clinical Observation on Retrograde Pyelography / 대한비뇨기과학회지

During the period from Jan. 1980 to Dec. 1982, 57 patient were taken RGP and the followings were obtained. 1) RGP was performed 57 patients. 2) Indication was 15 cases (26.3%) of non-visualizing kidney, 17 cases (29.8%) of hydronephrosis, 6 cases (10.5%) of delayed visualization, 13 cases (22.8%) of abnormal findings of calices and pelvis, 2 cases(3.5%) of congenital anomalies of ureter, 1 case (1.8%) of allergy to contrast medium and 3 cases (5.3%) of impaired renal function. 3) Of the 57 patients, 47 patients were defined with RGP and remained 10 patients had been taken other urologic examination for further evaluation.

A Clinical Observation on the Nephrectomized Patient / 대한비뇨기과학회지

A clinical observation was made on the 58 nephrectomized patients during the period from Jan. 1978 to Dec. 1982 and the following were obtained. 1. The nephrectomies were performed in the 58 patients of the 465 urologic operations. (12.5%) 2. The most frequent age distribution ranged from 20 years old to 49 years old and the ratio of male to female was 1.3:1. 3. The causative disease of nephrectomy were tuberculosis (22.4%), renal stone (15.5%), renal injury (13.8%), hydronephrosis (12.1%), renal tumor (12.1%) and renal infection(10.3%) in order. 4. The common symptom were flank pain (41.4%), hematuria (37.9%), and frequency (17.2%). 5. The most frequently employed surgical approach of nephrectomy was though flank (79.3%). 6. The postoperative complications were 8 cases(13.8%),of which wound infection was the highest (6.9 %) 7. 47 cases (81.0%) were discharged within 15 days after operation.

Study on Serum and Urinary Levels of Calcium, Inorganic Phosphorus and Uric Acid in Patients with Urinary Stone and Immobilized State / 대한비뇨기과학회지

The serum concentration and urinary excretion of calcium, inorganic phosphorus and uric acid in 75 stone-former and 33 immobilized patients, comparing to those in 45 controls . The following results were obtained. 1. Serum calcium levels of stone-formers were significantly higher than those of controls in total, male and female. 2. Urinary calcium levels of stone-formers were significantly higher than those of controls in total and female, but not in male. 3. Serum and urinary levels of inorganic phosphorus did not show significant difference between stoneformers and controls. 4. Serum and urinary levels of uric acid in stone-formers were significantly higher than those of controls in total, male and female. 5. Serum and urinary levels of calcium in immobilized patients were higher than those of controls, but did not show significant difference between both groups. 6. Serum and urinary levels of inorganic phosphorus in immobilized patients were slight higher than those of controls, but did not show significant difference between both groups. 7. Serum and urinary uric acid levels of immobilized patients were lower than those of controls, but showed significant difference between both groups only in urinary uric acid levels. These results suggest the possibility that increased calcium and uric acid level may play some role in the genesis of urinary stone. Urinary uric acid level significantly decrease in immobilized state.