RESUMEN
Background: The long-acting permanent method (LAPM) of contraception has been uncommonly by Indonesian women.However, few Indonesian women have switched their contraceptive methods into LAPMs, a cost effective method to limit thenumber of children with low odds of failure. The aim of this study was to explore the reasons of switching contraceptivemethods into LAPMs by currently married Indonesian women aged 15-49 years old. A cross-sectional study was performedusing a multistage cluster design. Results: Information was obtained from 6,341 women who were using or had recentlybeen using contraception in the middle of Lombok, north of Lombok, and Bima (West Nusa Tenggara). It was found that ahigh proportion (9.6%) of women were switching contraception methods from injection or pills to implants or intrauterinedevices (IUDs). The main reasons for switching were trying another method (42.6%) and the side effects of the currentlyused method (29,4%). Switching to LAPMs was significantly associated with age and knowledge about contraception (p <0.01). Women who chose to use LAPMs were more likely to continue using them after one year of use. Women aged > 35years were more likely to choose LAPMs because, at that age, there is a greater health risk for women if they becomepregnant. Conclusion: In conclusion, the results of this study indicated that women aged >35 years need to be intensivelyencouraged to use LAPMs.
RESUMEN
Background: Voltage dependent anion channels (VDAC) mediate transport of anions, cations and ATP which play an important role in sperm motility. This study was aimed to examine the effect of polyclonal VDAC3 antiserum to human sperm motility. Methods: Polyclonal VDAC3 antiserum used in this study was produced in rabbits by immunization of VDAC3-specific synthetic peptides. Preimmunserum was collected before immunization and used for control experiment. Recognition of VDAC3 antiserum to antigen in human sperm was performed by western blot. Thirty sperm samples obtained from fertile men which had high quality of sperm motility were washed and collected by Percoll gradient. Sperm motility was assessed by means of evaluation of sperm velocity (seconds per 0.1 mm distance) and the number of unmoved sperm (million per ml) which were observed 0 minute, 30 minutes and 60 minutes after addition of VDAC3 antiserum and preimmunserum as a control. Both data were analyzed by SPSS 13.0 software. Results: VDAC3 antiserum recognized VDAC3 protein in human sperm. Statistical analysis demonstrated that there were increasing numbers of unmoved spermatozoa after addition of anti-VDAC3 antiserum in vitro for 60 minutes observation compared with preimmunserum (control). We found also that sperm velocity decreased signifi cantly after giving anti-VDAC3 antiserum in vitro for 0 minute, 30 minutes, and 60 minutes compared with pre-immunee serum (control). Conclusion: VDAC3 antiserum can decrease motility of human sperm. and may provide a novel principle of male contraception in the future.