Aerial plankton from the Eastern Tropical Pacific

Introduction: Small terrestrial invertebrates disperse in a passive manner through wind currents, forming what is known as aerial plankton, which has not been surveyed yet for the Eastern Tropical Pacific. Documenting the aerial plankton of Isla del Coco will allow to better understand the colonization process of this highly diverse island. Objective: Characterize the aerial plankton present on the transect Puntarenas - Isla del Coco. Methods: Specimens were collected using entomological nets on 2 roundtrip voyages during the months of July and August of 2017 and 2018, respectively. Results: A total of 10 morpho-species were collected corresponding to the orders: Diptera (Ceratopogonidae, Milichiidae, and Nematocera of a non-identified family), Hymenoptera (Chalcidoidea: Agaonidae), Hemiptera (Scutelleridae and Coreidae) and Lepidoptera (Sphingidae). Diptera and Hymenoptera were collected on the nets; while, Hemiptera and Lepidoptera were found on the deck of the boat. No spiders were collected. The Diptera and Hymenoptera families, as well as the family Coreidae (Hemiptera), have been previously recorded on this type of surveys across the tropical Pacific. Conclusions: Two of the taxa collected by nets, Ceratopogonidae (Diptera) and Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera), have representatives on Isla del Coco, which could provide direct support for wind dispersal as a colonization mechanism for these groups. We also detected other insects (i.e. Lepidoptera and Scutelleridae-Hemiptera) which most likely reached the boat by their own means providing evidence of their dispersal abilities. This research provides data to further expand on questions about the mechanisms of island colonization.

Introducción: Los invertebrados terrestres pequeños se dispersan de manera pasiva en corrientes de viento, constituyendo lo que se conoce como plancton aéreo, el cual previamente no había sido evaluado en Pacífico Tropical Oriental (PTO). Documentar el plancton aéreo de la Isla del Coco permitiría entender mejor el proceso de colonización de esta diversa isla. Objetivos: Caracterizar el plancton aéreo del transecto Puntarenas - Isla del Coco. Métodos: Los especímenes fueron recolectados utilizando redes entomológicas en 2 viajes de ida y vuelta durante los meses de Julio y Agosto de 2017 y 2018, respectivamente. Resultados: Un total de 10 morfo-especies fueron recolectadas, correspondientes a los órdenes Diptera (Ceratopogonidae, Milichiidae, y Nematocera de familia no identificada), Hymenoptera (Chalcidoidea: Agaonidae), Hemiptera (Scutelleridae y Coreidae) y Lepidoptera (Sphingidae). Diptera e Hymenoptera fueron recolectados en las redes; mientras que Hemiptera y Lepidoptera fueron encontrados en la cubierta del barco. No se recolectaron arañas. Las familias de Diptera e Hymenoptera, al igual que la familia Coreidae (Hemiptera) han sido previamente registradas en este tipo de muestreos en el PTO. Conclusiones: Dos de los taxones recolectados en las redes, Ceratopogonidae (Diptera) y Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera), están representados en la Isla del Coco, lo cual provee apoyo directo a la dispersión por viento como un mecanismo de colonización para estos grupos. Igualmente, encontramos otros insectos (Lepidoptera y Hemiptera: Scutelleridae), los cuales probablemente llegaron al barco por sus propios medios, evidenciando sus habilidades de dispersión. Esta investigación entrega datos para responder nuevas preguntas sobre los mecanismos de colonización de islas.

Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting by Doctors in a Developing Country: A Case Study from Ghana

Background: Spontaneous adverse drug reaction reporting is the most widely used and cost effective method of monitoring the safety of drugs. This method is heavily afflicted by underreporting by healthcare professionals. The study aims at assessing adverse drug reaction (ADR) reporting rate by doctors; knowledge of the reporting system and attitudes to SADR in the Greater Accra region. Methods: This was a cross sectional survey of 259 doctors randomly selected from 23 hospitals classified as government 199 (76.8); quasi-governmental 43(16.6) and private 17 (6.6) hospitals in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. Data collection was by self-administered questionnaire from May 5; 2012- July 6; 2012. Descriptive statistics was used to describe the background characteristics of the doctors and the outcome measures like training and reasons for ADR reporting were summarized as frequencies and percentages. Results: One-third (27.4) of doctors surveyed had received previous training on drug safety monitoring and ADR reporting; training and knowledge of the reporting system was found to improve reporting. More than half 154 (59.5) of the doctors had seen a patient with suspected ADR in the past one year although only 31 (20) had reported it by completing the SADR reporting form. Doctors working in government hospitals were about 5 times more likely to report than those in private hospitals [OR=4.94; 95CI (1.55-15.69)]. Conclusion: Training and knowledge of the ADR reporting system were found to be associated with the likelihood of reporting an ADR. Most of the doctors had not previously received training on ADR reporting