RESUMEN
Purpose: The existing panels of COVID-19 vaccines are based on the spike protein of an earlier SARS-CoV-2 strain that emerged in Wuhan, China. However, the evolving nature of SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in the emergence of new variants, thereby posing a greater challenge in the management of the disease. India faced a deadlier second wave of infections very recently, and genomic surveillance revealed that the B.1.617 variant and its sublineages are responsible for the majority of the cases. Hence, it's crucial to determine if the current vaccines available can be effective against these variants. Methods: To address this, we performed molecular dynamics (MD) simulation on B.1.617 along with K417G variants and other RBD variants. We studied structural alteration of the spike protein and factors affecting antibody neutralization and immune escape via In silico docking. Results: We found that in seven of the 12 variants studied, there was a structural alteration in the RBD region, further affecting its stability and function. Docking analysis of RBD variants and wild-type strains revealed that these variants have a higher affinity for the ACE2 (angiotensin 2 altered enzymes) receptor. Molecular interaction with CR3022 antibody revealed that binding affinity was less in comparison to wild type, with B.1.617 showing the least binding affinity. Conclusions: The results of the extensive simulations provide novel mechanistic insights into the conformational dynamics and improve our understanding of the enhanced properties of these variants in terms of infectivity, transmissibility, neutralization potential, virulence, and host-viral replication fitness.
RESUMEN
Bani Basu is one of the major Bengali novelists,Who has been contributing one famous experiment after another to the readers of the Bengali novel since 1987. An English honours graduate and a post-graduate from the ‘University of Calcutta’, She has taught English literature in a college in Kolkata. As a student and teacher of English literature she is well versed about the socio-economic conditions and the philosophical outlook of the West. Bani Basu began her career as a novelist with the publication of Janmabhoomi Matribhoomi (1987). In this novel Bani Basu has presented a shrap contrast between the life of American people and non-residential middle classes of Bengal.The novel deals with the plight of a middle-class family on it’s return to Kolkata after spending many years in America. On the other hand, Jhumpa Lahiri is not a Bengali writer. Born in London she emigrated to the United States after 1960s. After the grand success of the Pulitzer Prize-wining short-story collection Interpreter of Maladies she wrote her first novel The Namesake (2003) in English from America. It was later published in Bengali under the title Samanami. In Samanami, the main characters of the novel feel an anguish of alienation, loneliness and rootlessness like Bani Basu’s Janmabhoomi Matribhoomi. This alienation of being a foreigner is compared to ‘a sort of life long pregnancy’ in Samanami . This paper attempts to explore the thematic similarities between the two novels mentioned above and delineates the intertextual traces.
RESUMEN
Tooth development is a complex process of reciprocal interactions that we have only recently begun to understand. With the large number of genes involved in the odontogenic process, the opportunity for mutations to disrupt this process is high. Tooth agenesis (hypodontia)is the most common craniofacial malformation with patients missing anywhere from one tooth to their entire dentition. Hypodontia can occur in association with other developmental anomalies (syndromic) or as an isolated condition (non-syndromic). Recent advances in genetictechniques have allowed us to begin understanding the genetic processes that underlie the odontogenic process and to identify the mechanisms responsible for tooth agenesis. Thus far two genes have been identifiedby mutational analysis as the major causes of non-syndromic hypodontia; PAX9 and MSX1. Haploinsufficiency of either has been observed to cause the more severe forms of hypodontia whilst point mutations cause hypodontia to varying degrees of severity. With theprevalence of hypodontia having been observed to have increased during the 20th century, the future identification and analysis of its geneticbasis is essential to allow us to better treat the condition. The clinician can facilitate this process by collaborating with the human geneticist and referring patients/families with familial hypodontia for investigative research
Asunto(s)
Anodoncia , Mutación , PrevalenciaRESUMEN
Tooth development is a complex process of reciprocal interactions that we have only recently begun to understand. With the large number of genes involved in the odontogenic process, the opportunity for mutations to disrupt this process is high. Tooth agenesis (hypodontia)is the most common craniofacial malformation with patients missing anywhere from one tooth to their entire dentition. Hypodontia can occur in association with other developmental anomalies (syndromic) or as an isolated condition (non-syndromic). Recent advances in genetictechniques have allowed us to begin understanding the genetic processes that underlie the odontogenic process and to identify the mechanisms responsible for tooth agenesis. Thus far two genes have been identifiedby mutational analysis as the major causes of non-syndromic hypodontia; PAX9 and MSX1. Haploinsufficiency of either has been observed to cause the more severe forms of hypodontia whilst point mutations cause hypodontia to varying degrees of severity. With theprevalence of hypodontia having been observed to have increased during the 20th century, the future identification and analysis of its geneticbasis is essential to allow us to better treat the condition. The clinician can facilitate this process by collaborating with the human geneticist and referring patients/families with familial hypodontia for investigative research