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Sophorae Tonkinensis Radix et Rhizoma （STRER） is a commonly used Chinese medicine in clinical practice， which has the effects of clearing heat， removing the toxin， alleviating edema， and relieving sore throat. In recent years， the clinical reports of STRER-induced poisoning have gradually increased， with neurotoxicity and hepatotoxicity as the main characteristics of the acute attack. Timely treatment will lead to the good prognosis， but long-term or high-dose administration will cause irreversible damage. Therefore， the safety of clinical use of STRER should be highlighted. The chemical components in STRER mainly include alkaloids， flavonoids， triterpenoids， triterpenoid saponins， and polysaccharides， as well as small amounts of proteins， organic acids， and trace elements， where alkaloids both serve as the important material basis for the pharmacodynamic action and the main substances causing toxicity. The adverse events induced by STRER and its alkaloids include nerve injury, Hepatic injury, cardiovascular injury, kidney injury and reproductive injury， and gastrointestinal reaction. Quinolizidine alkaloids are the main toxic components， mainly including matrine， oxymatrine， cytisine， sophocarpine， oxysophocarpine， sophoridine， sophoramine， and lehmannine. Many studies have been carried out on the toxicity of different extracts and alkaloids of STRER in China and abroad， but there are no comprehensive and detailed reports on the toxicity mechanism of alkaloids in STRER. As a Chinese medicine， STRER is widely used. It's an urgent problem to clarify the material basis and mechanism of toxicity caused by STRER and reduce the toxicity for good clinical application. The present study reviewed the components of alkaloids， toxicity， and toxic mechanism of extracts and alkaloids in STRER to provide the basis for further development and clinical safe and effective application of STRER.
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Objective To investigate the effects of dams-offspring separation on anxiety-like behaviors of dams, and if these anxiety-like behaviors of dams are associated with estrogen receptorα(ERα) and β( ERβ)in some brain regions. Methods Thirty C57BL/6 J female mice were divided into three groups, control group (CG, n= 10,non-isolated group), short-term separation group( SG,/i= 10, dams were separated from their offspring for 15 minuts per day from the second day to the tenth day after childbirth ) and long-term separation group ( LG, n = 10, dams were separated from their offspring for 3 hours per day from the second day to the tenth day after childbirth ). Anxiety-like behaviors of dams were evaluated in an open-field (OF) and elevated plus-maze test ( EPM ). The level of ERα- immunoreactive neurons (ERα-IRs) and ERβ-immunoreactive neurons (ERβ-IRs) in three brain regions including medial preoptic area (mPOA), hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus (VMH) and medial amygdaloid nucleus ( MeA) were analyzed. Results In OF, compared to CG group and SG group, LG group had significantly less time in center area, crossing number and total distance(P0.05 ). In EPM, compared to CG group and SG group, LG group had significantly less percentage of time, distance in open arms and total distance(P<0.001 ). Compared to CG group and SG group, LG group had significantly less ERa-IRs and ERβ-IRs in mPOA, VMH, and MeA(P<0.01). Conclusion Dams that are long-termly separated from their offspring may have anxiety-like behavior, and this behavior may be related to the significant reduction of ERa and ERβ in these brain regions.
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MicroRNA-21 (miR-21) expression is abnormal in almost all cancer tissues.MiR-21 plays an important role in organ development,immune response and development of cancer,cardiovascular disease,and other physiological or pathological conditions.MiR-21 plays a regulatory function on its targeted molecules in various signal pathways.MiR-21 has been considered as a major investigative object of genetic and pharmacological regulation.Organ fibrosis and malignant tumor have been the main factors limiting human survival life.This paper reviews the role of mir-21 in cardiac fibrosis,renal fibrosis,liver fibrosis and other organs fibrosis.
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Cholangiocarcinoma is a highly malignant tumor which originates from bile duct epithelial cells, and its invasion and metastasis is an important factor affecting the prognosis of patients and the main causes of the high mortality.Epithelial-mesenchymal transition is a reversible biological process of transition from epithelial phenotype to stromal cell phenotype, which is closely related to tumor invasion and metastasis.The microRNA is an endogenous non-coding RNA with a sequence of 20~25 nucleotides, which participates in the occurrence and development of tumor, especially in the progress of tumor invasion and metastasis by complementary base pairing with the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of the target gene at the post-transcriptional level.Herein, we present the mechanism of microRNA regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition and its effect on the invasion and metastasis of cholangiocarcinoma.
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In order to discover the risk factors for 30-day mortality in bloodstream infections (BSI) caused by Enterococcus spp.strains,we explored the clinical and therapeutic profile of patients with Enterococcus spp.BSI and the characteristics of this condition.A total of 64 patients with BSI caused by Enterococcus spp.who were treated in our hospital between 2006 and 2015 were included in the study.The clinical features of patients,microbiology,and 30-day mortality were collected from the electronic medical records database and analyzed.The results showed that there were 38 patients infected by Enterococcus faecalis (E.faecalis),24 by Enterococcus faecium (E.faecium),1 by Enterococcus casseliflavus (E.casseliflavus),and 1 by Enterococcus gallinarum (E.gallinarum).A Charlson comorbidity score ≥5,corticosteroid treatment,placement of catheters or other prosthetic devices and history of antibiotic use were found more frequently in E.faecium BSI patients than in E.faecalis patients (P=0.017,P=0.027,P=0.008 and P=0.027,respectively).Furthermore,the univariate and multivariate analysis showed that corticosteroid treatment (OR=17.385,P=0.008),hospital acquisition (OR=16.328,P=0.038),and vascular catheter infection (OR=14.788,P=0.025) were all independently associated with 30-day mortality.Our results indicate that E.faecalis and E.faecium are two different pathogens with unique microbiologic characteristics,which cause different clinical features in BSI,and the empiric antimicrobial treatments are paramount for patients with enterococcal BSI.
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OBJECTIVE To evaluate the roles of p15,p27 gene protein and expression in nasopharyngeal carcinoma(NPC).METHODS The EnVision immunohistochemical method was used to detect the expression of p15,p27 gene protein in nasopharyngeal carcinoma tissues of 43 NPC cases and non-tumor nasopharyngeal tissues of 21 cases.RESULTS ① The positive expression rates of p15,p27 gene protein were 65%,68% in NPC respectively.There were significant differences between NPC and non-tumor group(P0.05).③The positive expression of p15 gene protein was correlated to the positive expression of p27 gene protein(P