Negative pressure ventilation in pediatric critical care setting.

Invasive ventilation is associated with both pulmonary and non-pulmonary complications. There has been a renewed interest in the use of negative pressure ventilation (NPV) for various medical conditions to minimise the complications associated with positive pressure ventilation. The routine use of NPV in an ICU setting still requires further studies and research. In this article, the authors review the clinical applications of NPV together with associated risks and limitations. Case reports of patients with cardiac, neuromuscular and respiratory diseases managed with NPV on our unit are described. NPV improved the clinical condition in each of these patients and decreased the requirement for invasive therapy.

Ventilatory strategies and adjunctive therapy in ARDS.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome, a diagnosis based on physiologic and radiological criteria, occurs commonly in critical care setting. A major challenge in evaluating therapies that may improve survival in ARDS is that it is not a single disease entity but, rather, numerous different diseases that result in endothelial injury, where the most obvious manifestation is within the lung resulting in pulmonary oedema. It has been shown that poor ventilatory technique that is injurious to the lungs can propagate systemic inflammatory response and adversely affect the mortality. The current data suggest that high tidal volumes with high plateau pressures are deleterious and a strategy of ventilation with lower tidal volumes and lower plateau pressure is associated with lower mortality. There may be a role for recruitment manoeuvres as well. Other forms of respiratory support still require further research. The present understanding of optimal ventilatory management and other adjunctive therapies are reviewed.