ICON 2013: Practical consensus recommendations for hormone receptor-positive Her2-negative advanced or metastatic breast cancer.

The management of hormone receptor‑positive Her2‑negative breast cancer patients with advanced or metastatic disease is a common problem in India and other countries in this region. This expert group used data from published literature, practical experience, and opinion of a large group of academic oncologists, to arrive at practical consensus recommendations for use by the community oncologists.

A Phase 3, randomized, double-blind study of single-dose fosaprepitant for prevention of cisplatin-induced nausea and vomiting: Results of an Indian population subanalysis.

Context: Currently, there is limited data on the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) in Indian patients. Aims: This post hoc study assessed the efficacy and safety of fosaprepitant compared with aprepitant for prevention of CINV in the Indian population. A subgroup analysis was performed from data collected in a phase 3 study of intravenous (IV) fosaprepitant or oral aprepitant, plus the 5-HT 3 antagonist ondansetron and the corticosteroid dexamethasone, in cisplatin-naοve patients with solid malignancies. Materials and Methods: Patients scheduled to receive cisplatin (≥70 mg/m 2 ) were administered a single IV dose of fosaprepitant dimeglumine (150 mg) on day 1 or a 3-day dosing regimen of oral aprepitant (day 1:125 mg, days 2 and 3:80 mg) with standard doses of ondansetron and dexamethasone. Patients recorded nausea and/or vomiting episodes and their use of rescue medication and were monitored for adverse events (AEs) and tolerability. Statistical Analysis Used: Differences in response rates between fosaprepitant and aprepitant were calculated using the Miettinen and Nurminen method. Results: In the Indian subpopulation (n = 372), efficacy was similar for patients in both the fosaprepitant or aprepitant groups; complete response in the overall, acute, and delayed phases and no vomiting in all phases were approximately 4 percentage points higher in the fosaprepitant group compared with the aprepitant group. Fosaprepitant was generally well-tolerated; common AEs were similar to oral aprepitant. Conclusions: IV fosaprepitant is as safe and effective as oral aprepitant in the Indian subpopulation and offers an alternative to the oral formulation.

Over prescribing and resistance to chloroquine.

Malaria is a major health concern in the developing world including India. Overdiagnosis and overprescribing of malaria may lead to increase morbidity, mortality and increases risk of resistance to antimalarial drugs and hence increase the economical burden to health care system. The present study was carried out to determine the actual cases of malaria and extent of chloroquine resistance at Civil Hospital Ahmedabad, a tertiary care teaching hospital in Gujarat, India. After Institutional Ethics Committee approval, adult patients of either gender, presenting with a history of fever at the Out Patient Department (OPD), diagnosed to be suffering from malaria and prescribed chloroquine were included in the study. Peripheral thick blood smear test and OptiMAL-rapid diagnostic test (RDT) were carried out. RDT was performed in these patients on day 0 before the start of chloroquine treatment and after completion of the 3 day chloroquine treatment. They were again subjected to RDT on day 4. The positive cases on RDTon day 4 were considered as resistant to chloroquine. During the study period of 12 months, out of the 250 clinically suspected cases of malaria who were prescribed chloroquine, 80 (31%) cases (35 cases of P. vivax and the 45 of P. falciparum ) were positive for malaria (by the peripheral smear and the Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) OptiMAL test). Thirty out of the 35 cases of P. vivax malaria, responded to the three- day chloroquine treatment. Out of the 45 cases of P. falciparum malaria, 30 responded to chloroquine while 15 patients (35%) continued to be OptiMAL positive on 4th day and required change of treatment. It suggests that an early diagnosis, definitive treatment and avoiding overprescribing could delay drug resistance and reduce the morbidity and mortality due the disease.

Laparoscopic orchidectomy for undescended testis in adults.

BACKGROUND: Impalpable testis is a significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenge in adults, for both radiologist and surgeons, with few reports in literature addressing this problem in adults. Laparoscopy is a reliable and definitive procedure obviating the necessity of advance investigation and subsequent inguinal exploration in adults. AIMS: To study the utility of laparoscopy as combined diagnostic and therapeutic modality for undescended testis in adults. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: Prospective study from a single surgical unit of a large tertiary referral centre during August 2000 to January 2002. METHODS AND MATERIAL: Nine patients of unilateral undescended testis with average age 22.7 years (range 13-31 years) underwent diagnostic laparoscopy and orchidectomy subsequent to detailed clinical, ultrasound and examination under anaesthesia (EUA) procedure. All patients were operated with one 10 mm umbilical camera port, one suprapubic port and 1 lateral port. RESULTS: None of the patients had palpable testis or an inguinal cough impulse on clinical examination and during EUA. In only 3(33.3%) patients, the ultrasound could locate the testis situated at the deep ring. On laparoscopy all testes were identified, 4 were present at the deep ring, 3 were intra-abdominal and 2 had blind ending vas entering the deep ring. Mesh plug was inserted in the internal ring in these 2 patients, after dissecting the peritoneum. None of the patients had intra or post-operative complications and all were discharged on the next day. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopy is one of the most satisfactory methods for the diagnosis and management of non-palpable testis in adult cryptorchid patients.

Is pseudophakic astigmatism a desirable goal?

PURPOSE: To determine whether pseudophakic astigmatism is a desirable goal, and if so, which one is better: against-the-rule (ATR) or with-the-rule (WTR). METHOD: Eyes were included only if they had an uncorrected vision > or = 6/18 and N/18. Three groups, of 40 patients each were evaluated: group 1, pseudophakes with neutral astigmatism; group 2, with ATR and group 3, with WTR astigmatism Unaided distance and near visual acuity was recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using the chi-square test for independence. RESULTS: Unaided distance vision of > or = 6/7.5 was achieved in 19 eyes (47.5%) of group 1 (neutral), 12 eyes (30%) in group 2 (ATR), and 5 eyes (12.5%) in group 3 (WTR) (p = 0.0133, significant). Unaided near vision of > or = N/9 was achieved in 17 eyes (42.5%) in group 1 (neutral), 34 eyes (85%) in group 2 (ATR), and 10 eyes (25%) in group 3 (WTR) (P < 0.001, significant). Group 1 (neutral) fared the best for unaided distance visual acuity. Group 2 (ATR) was better than in group 3 (WTR) for distant vision. Group 2 (ATR) fared the best for unaided near vision. CONCLUSION: ATR astigmatism could be a desirable goal after cataract extraction in selected populations because the largest proportion of these cases achieved good unaided near vision with acceptable distant vision.

Paraesophageal mediastinal drainage with diversion for delayed presentation of esophageal perforation.

Esophageal perforation is a serious condition; a delay of more than 48 hours in initiation of treatment leads to increased morbidity and mortality. Management of such patients is a surgical dilemma. We successfully managed 4 patients (2-iatrogenic, 1-tuberculous, 1-Boerhaave's syndrome) with delayed presentation of esophageal perforation by esophageal exclusion and paraesophageal mediastinal drainage, achieving good control of mediastinal sepsis, healing of perforation and at the same time avoiding thoracotomy and subsequent second surgery.

Giant prosthesis for reinforcement of visceral sac for complex bilateral and recurrent inguinal hernias: a prospective evaluation.

AIMS: To evaluate giant prosthesis for reinforcement of visceral sac (GPRVS) as a treatment for complex bilateral and recurrent inguinal hernias. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The prospective study carried out in a single surgical unit at a tertiary health care center involved consecutive series of 31 patients with complex bilateral and recurrent inguinal hernias who underwent GPRVS. All were men and the mean age was 58 years (range 49-95 years). Factors predicting high risk for recurrence included a large hernia ( greater, similar5cms, 32%, 10/31 patients), failure of one or more previous repairs (45%, 14/31 patients), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (25%, 8/31 patients) and poor muscle tone (70%, 22/31 patients). Operative time, length of postoperative stay, complications and death were the main outcome measures. RESULTS: Mean -/+ SEM operative time was 65 -/+ 11 minutes (range 45-115 minutes). Mean -/+ SEM length of stay was 3.5 -/+ 0.7 days (range 2-5 days). There were 4 minor complications, but no mesh infections and death. Follow up was obtained for a mean period of 14.6 months (range 12-23 months); there were no recurrences. CONCLUSION: GPRVS provides a definitive and safe cure for repair of complex bilateral and recurrent inguinal hernias because of its simplicity, ease of the procedure, good results and low recurrence rate.

Isolated massive splenic peliosis.

We report a patient with isolated splenic peliosis. She presented with massive splenomegaly; contrast-enhanced CT scan showed multiple hypodense, well-circumscribed shadows in the spleen. Splenectomy specimen showed multiple cysts with white fibrous walls ranging from 1-4 cm in size, containing gelatinous fluid. The patient is asymptomatic at 6 months' follow up.

Spontaneous oesophageal perforation due to mediastinal tuberculous lymphadenitis - atypical presentation of tuberculosis.

Spontaneous non-traumatic oesophageal perforation secondary to bursting of a mediastinal tuberculous abscess into the oesophagus is rare. The diagnosis is delayed, as perforation remains localised due to mediastinal lymph nodes. Patient can be effectively managed by paraoesophageal drainage of the mediastinal abscess and oesophageal diversion.

Standardization of a dot blot immunoassay for antigen detection in cases of pulmonary tuberculosis & its evaluation with respect to the conventional techniques.

A simple dot (blot) ELISA test for detecting tubercular antigen in sputum samples of patients of pulmonary tuberculosis has been standardized using nitrocellulose paper. The sensitivity of the assay is 20 ng/ml. The cut-off value was 80 ng/ml. Of the 1042 patients in the study group, the percentage positivity by smear and culture was 54.51 and 57.93 per cent respectively; 68.7 per cent of the ELISA positives were confirmed by smear. The dot blot ELISA could be used as a rapid and specific test as it not only picked up 88.88 per cent of the smear positive, culture positive cases but also 81.89 per cent of the smear negative, culture positive cases. If the results of smear and dot blot ELISA are combined, 91.08 per cent of the culture positive cases were picked up as positive. If such a noninvasive test is commercialized and used in conjunction with smear, the pick up rate of tuberculosis cases will improve considerably.

Comparative evaluation of anticonvulsant activity of calcium channel blockers in experimental animals.

Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced convulsions and the maximal electroshock (MES) seizure test were employed to study the anticonvulsant effects of nifedipine (2, 3.5 and 5 mg kg-1), flunarizine (10, 20 and 40 mg kg-1) and diltiazem (10, 15 and 30 mg kg-1). Nifedipine and flunarizine prolonged the latent period and reduced the mean duration of PTZ induced seizures. They also reduced the severity of convulsions and the number of deaths due to PTZ significantly. Nifedipine was more potent in this regard (P < 0.01). All these drugs prolonged the latent period and reduced the duration of tonic extensor phase of MES seizures in a significant manner. Flunarizine was most potent in this test. Complete protection from tonic extensor phase was observed in 10-50% animals pretreated with nifedipine and flunarizine in a dose dependent manner. The response of diltiazem was weak in both these tests. It is concluded that all three calcium channel blockers possess an important but different anticonvulsant effect and their significant clinical use can be made while keeping in view the characteristics of their pharmacological action.

Dental chairside test for the diagnosis of ascorbic acid deficiency.

There is a strong correlation between gingival inflammation and clinical and sub-clinical ascorbic acid deficiency. This has created a demand for a handy diagnostic test to detect the ascorbic acid deficiency. The aim of this work was to find out the efficacy of one such test, i.e. the modified Lingual Ascorbic Acid Test (LAAT). To find out the significance of ths LAAT, it was compared with plasma ascorbic acid levels and then confirmed statistically. Our findings suggest that with this simple, reliable and inexpensive method, the dental practitioners can conveniently assess the ascorbic acid status of their patients.

Role of metronidazole in improving response and specific drug sensitivity in advanced pulmonary tuberculosis.

One hundred and thirty-seven patients of advanced pulmonary tuberculosis were randomly allocated to receive metronidazole 400mg tid (76) or placebo (61) for 2 months in a single blind study. All received streptomycin 0.75 g,INH 30 mg and rifampicin 450 mg daily as standard antitubercle treatment. There were no significant pretreatment differences, among both groups. Compared to placebo group there was superior clinical improvement in metronidazole treated group at 4 and 8 weeks (81% vs 53%-P less than 0.05; 87% vs 72%-P less than 0.05 respectively), greater sputum reduction at 4 weeks (49% vs 9%-P less than 0.001) greater radiologic improvement at 4 weeks (60% vs 43%-P less than 0.01) and a better antituberculous drug sensitivity. Metronidazole seems to have beneficial adjuvant role in the drug treatment of tuberculosis. This may improve response in advanced cases.

Serum electrolytes during various phases of menstrual cycle.

The corollary follow up study carried presents variation in electrolyte content of serum during menstrual, follicular, ovulatory and luteal phases of menstrual cycle. Variation in sodium, potassium and chloride were found to be parallel with each other. Their level increase significantly from follicular to ovulatory phase and falls significantly during luteal phase. Bicarbonate levels are higher in follicular and luteal phases while they are lower in menstrual and ovulatory phases.

A comparative study of a few tests of dynamic lung function.

A variety of tests like FEV0-76, FEV1, PFR, MEFR is in use for assessment of ventilatory function of the lungs. Each of them has some marginal advantage over the other. It is, therefore, necessary to find out their relative merits and choose the one which can provide the maximum information in a reasonably short time. In this project, a norm of all the above tests for the people of Gujarat of age group 18-20 years has been found, the relative merit of the tests has been discussed and the velocity of air flow at 0.3 sec of expiration has been suggested as the single measurement which may conveniently replace all the other above.