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Purpose: To evaluate diagnostic ability of macular ganglion cell layer–inner plexiform layer (GCL-IPL) for detection of preperimetric glaucoma (PPG) and perimetric glaucoma and comparison with peripapillary RNFL. Methods: Three hundred and thirty seven eyes of 190 patients were enrolled (127 normals, 70 PPG, 140 perimetric glaucoma). Each patient underwent detailed ocular evaluation, standard automated perimetry, and spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Diagnostic abilities of GCL-IPL and RNFL parameters were determined. Data were compared using one-way analysis of variance, Pearson's Chi-square test, and area under the curve (AUC). Results: After adjusting for age, gender, and signal strength, all GCL-IPL and RNFL parameters except mean thickness and disc area differed significantly. Among GCL-IPL thicknesses, inferotemporal had the highest AUC (0.865) for classifying perimetric glaucoma from normals, inferior (0.746) for PPG from normals, and inferotemporal (0.750) for perimetric glaucoma from PPG. When using RNFL, inferior thickness had the highest AUC (0.922) in discriminating POAG from normal, while the same parameter had lower AUC (0.813) in discriminating PPG from normal. The average thickness had maximum AUC (0.775) for discriminating POAG from PPG. For discriminating perimetric glaucoma and normals, inferotemporal GCL-IPL had the highest strength (sensitivity 81.43% and specificity 77.96%), slightly lower than inferior RNFL thickness (sensitivity 87.85% and specificity 84.26%). The same parameters were sensitive in discriminating perimetric glaucoma from PPG (87.14% and 92.85%, respectively). However, their specificities were poor (56.43% both). Conclusion: RNFL had better diagnostic ability, when compared with GCL-IPL for detecting PPG and perimetric glaucoma. However, difference was small and may not be clinically relevant.
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Purpose: To study macular ganglion cell layer--inner plexiform layer complex (GCL + IPL) in relation to peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) in glaucomatous eyes with superior or inferior hemifield defects (HD) and to study structural configuration in normal hemifield. Methods: This was an observational cross-sectional study. Data from consecutive 45 superior HD (SHD) and 50 inferior HD (IHD) eyes were analyzed. Each patient underwent detailed ocular examination, standard automated perimetry, and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). After adjusting for age, gender, and signal strength, area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was calculated to determine diagnostic ability of GCL + IPL and peripapillary RNFL. Apparently normal hemifield was compared with true normal hemifield. Data were analyzed with SPSS, analysis of variance, t-test, Chi-square test, and receiver operating curve. Results: In the SHD glaucoma group, best parameters for discriminating normal eyes from glaucomatous eyes were inferotemporal GCL + IPL thickness (0.935) and inferior quadrant RNFL thickness (0.971). For IHD glaucoma, average GCL + IPL thickness (0.877) and average RNFL thickness (0.950) had best AUC values. When evaluating apparently normal hemifield in both groups, statistically significant difference was found in inferior GCL + IPL sector (0.865) and inferior quadrant RNFL (0.883) in IHD and superonasal GCL + IPL (0.725) and superior quadrant RNFL (0.842) in SHD groups. Conclusion: SD-OCT may be a useful ancillary diagnostic tool for evaluation of early macular and circumpapillary structural changes in glaucomatous eyes with localized visual field defects. Apparently normal hemifields show structural damage and should be considered in management of glaucoma.
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BACKGROUND: A variety of renal lesions have been reported in HIV positive patients from western world however there is paucity of Indian data. METHODS: Over a four year period, all hospitalised HIV positive patients were screened for renal involvement. Screening was done with urinalysis. Those with abnormality in urine examination underwent further assessment with clinical, biochemical, immunological profile and renal biopsy. Renal histology was studied by light and electron microscopy. RESULTS: Twenty-five (17.6%) of the 142 patients screened, had proteinuria/abnormal urinary sediment however none of the patient had proteinuria in nephrotic range. Fourteen of these 25 patients were asymptomatic while others had AIDS. Renal biopsy was studied by light microscopy in all and by electron microscopy in 11 cases. On histology mesangioproliferative GN was encountered in eight, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in four and collapsing GN in one patient. In two cases cryptococcal infiltration and in one lymphomatous deposits were seen in glomerulus and interstitium. In one patient interstitium showed granulomas and in other three mononuclear cell infiltration. Histology was normal in 8 (32%) patients. On EM visceral cell hyperplasia and vacuolisation was seen in all, two had collapse of glomerular basement membrane and in three cases tubuloreticular structures were seen. There was no co-relation of renal histology with duration or severity of the disease (p > 0.05). No deterioration of renal function was seen over a short follow up period of 4.2 months (1-20 months). CONCLUSION: This study highlights that HIV patients exhibiting abnormal urinary sediment usually have underlying renal lesion and at times unexpected opportunistic infections may be present.