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Severe blunt ocular trauma may result in immediate and delayed complications requiring appropriate management algorithms. We hereby report a case of globe rupture, aphakia, traumatic aniridia, and secondary glaucoma in a 33-year-old male following road traffic accident. He was treated initially by primary repair followed by novel combined approach of aniridia IOL with Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation. Delayed corneal decompensation required deferred penetrating keratoplasty. After a follow-up of 3.5 years after last surgery, patient maintains good functional vision with stable IOL, clear corneal graft and controlled intraocular pressure. A meticulously planned and staged management approach appears better suited in complex ocular trauma in such scenarios giving a good structural and functional outcome
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Background: There are a wide range of diagnostic markers for colorectal cancers like detection of mutated KRAS, TP53, and APC genes. However, genetic and immunological factors have also been attributed to the cancer prognosis. The present study was carried out to evaluate the expression of CTLA-4 in colorectal cancers. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out among 30 resected specimens of colorectal cancer. Paraffin blocks were made on samples from tumor areas along with adjacent normal areas. Immunohistochemistry for CTLA-4 was done on the sections along with controls. Gross findings were recorded from the blocks. Blocks with section containing normal epithelium and tumor were chosen for immunohistochemistry. Results: Overexpression of CTLA-4 was observed in 43.3% of the tumors. There was a significantly high tumor infiltration among those specimens showing overexpression of CTLA-4. The observed difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). On comparing the grade of the tumor with intensity of CTLA4 uptake, it was observed that majority of the well-differentiated tumors (66.7%) had an intensity of 1+ whereas majority of the poorly differentiated tumors had an intensity of 3+ (66.7%). Conclusion: The present study has demonstrated overexpression of CTLA-4 in colorectal cancer specimens, and also highlighted the potential scope for anti-CTLA-4 agents like Ipilimumab in cancer therapy. The need for further evaluation to examine five-year survival with such immunotherapies is essential to document candid therapeutic recommendations for colorectal cancers.
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Abstract Introduction: The outcomes of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) remain dismal even today, owing in part due to the lack of an ideal biomarker for detecting renal damage early enough. We conducted this pilot study to determine the clinical significance of Frusemide Stress Test (FST) to predict the severity of AKI. Methods: A total of 80 patients with AKI-KDIGO (Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes) stage 1 or stage 2 underwent FST by administering a bolus dose of frusemide (1mg/kg for frusemide naïve and 1.5mg/kg for prior frusemide exposure in the past week), and urine output was then measured for the next two hours with volume replacement as desirable. The progression to AKI-KDIGO stage 3 within 14 days of FST was studied as the primary outcome. The composite end point of achieving AKI-KDIGO stage 3 or death within 14 days of FST was studied as the secondary outcome. Results: Out of 80 patients, 28(35%) patients met the primary outcome, and 34(42.5%) patients met the secondary composite outcome. Except for baseline Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) status (p=0.018), other demographic characteristics were comparable between progressors and non-progressors group. Using receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis, a cumulative 2-hour post-FST urine output of ≤300 mL predicted progression to stage 3 AKI with 82.14% sensitivity, 82.69% specificity, and AUC of 0.89±0.03 (p<0.0001). Conclusion: The FST showed promising results as a novel tubular biomarker to identify progression to severe AKI with good predictive ability.
Resumo Introdução: Os desfechos da Lesão Renal Aguda (LRA) permanecem desanimadores ainda hoje, em parte pela falta de um biomarcador ideal para detectar danos renais com a devida antecedência. Realizamos este estudo piloto para determinar a importância clínica do Teste de Estresse com Furosemida (TEF) em prever a gravidade da LRA. Métodos: Um total de 80 pacientes com LRA-KDIGO estágio 1 ou 2 foram submetidos ao TEF pela administração de uma dose em bolus de furosemida (1mg/kg para pacientes virgens de furosemida e 1,5mg/kg para exposição prévia à furosemida na semana anterior). O débito urinário foi então medido durante as duas horas seguintes com reposição de volume conforme desejável. A progressão para LRA-KDIGO estágio 3 dentro de 14 dias de TEF foi estudada como principal desfecho. O desfecho composto de atingir a LRA-KDIGO estágio 3 ou óbito em 14 dias após TEF foi estudado como desfecho secundário. Resultados: Dos 80 pacientes, 28 (35%) atingiram desfecho primário, e 34 (42,5%) pacientes atingiram o desfecho composto secundário. Exceto pelo estado basal da Doença Renal Crônica (DRC) (p=0,018), outras características demográficas foram comparáveis entre o grupo progressores e não progressores. Usando a análise da Curva Característica de Operação do Receptor (ROC), um débito urinário cumulativo de 2 horas pós-TEF de ≤300 mL previu a progressão para estágio 3 da LRA com 82,14% de sensibilidade, 82,69% de especificidade, e AUC de 0,89±0,03 (p<0,0001). Conclusão: O TEF mostrou resultados promissores como novo biomarcador tubular para identificar progressão para LRA grave com boa capacidade preditiva.
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Humanos , Lesión Renal Aguda/diagnóstico , Furosemida , Biomarcadores , Proyectos Piloto , Curva ROC , Prueba de EsfuerzoRESUMEN
Background: Under nutrition is one of the most imperative problems among children that needed to be addressed in the realm of public health. Undernourished children cannot maintain natural biological abilities, such as growth, recuperating from ailments, learning and physical development. Poor feeding practices along with illnesses like diarrhoea, pneumonia, helminthic infections etc. are major determinants of under nutrition in India. The tribal populations in India are identified to be the autochthonous people of the land thereby being one of the major sufferers of under nutrition. This study aimed at finding out the prevalence of under nutrition among under-five children in tribal population in Tiruchirappalli district of Tamil Nadu. Methods: This community based cross-sectional analytical study was done among Malayali Tribes population of Puthur village, Pachamalai Hills, Trichy to determine the prevalence of under-nutrition using CIAF and WHO Z scoring system and its risk factors by multivariate analysis. Results: Out of 100 children, about 85% were undernourished as per CIAF criteria. In the Multivariate analysis, children of employed mother and children who were not given exclusive breast feeding were associated with Under nutrition which was statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusions: CIAF could be considered as a better measure than any other single index to identify the problem in the community. The study also emphasizes the significance of proper IYCF practices among employed mothers and improvement of MCH services in Tribal population during antenatal and immediate postnatal period to bring down the prevalence of under nutrition.
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This randomized clinical trial tested the effect of three different desensitizing agents on reduction of pain due to hypersensitive cervical dentin lesions. Materials and Methods: Twenty-eight individuals with 84 teeth diagnosed with cervical dentin hypersensitivity (DH) in at least one tooth in any three of the four quadrants were selected. Patients exhibiting pain scores of two or more on the visual analog scale (VAS) were included in the study. Each quadrant in an individual was randomly assigned to one of the three treatment groups based on computer-generated random number. The desensitizing agents used were Profluorid Varnish (Voco: Cuxhaven Germany), Admira Protect (Voco: Cuxhaven Germany), and PRG-Barrier Coat (Shofu: japan). One operator recorded the baseline sensitivity scores after evaporative and tactile stimuli by visual analog score system. The second operator who was not aware of the baseline values applied the desensitizing agents and recorded the sensitivity scores. VAS scores for both the stimuli were noted immediately after application, 1 week, and after 1 month. The data were analyzed using repeated measure ANOVA and post hoc Tukey's multiple comparison tests (P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant). Results: There was a significant reduction in VAS scores from baseline in all the three groups at all the time intervals (P < 0.001). Admira Protect showed significant reduction of hypersensitivity scores at 1 month compared to other groups (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Admira Protect was proved to be better in reducing pain due to DH than PRG-Barrier Coat and Profluorid Varnish after 1 month of application.
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A relatively simple and inexpensive technique to train surgeons in phacoemulsification using a goat’s eye integrated with a human cataractous nucleus is described. The goat’s eye is placed on a bed of cotton within the lumen of a cylindrical container. This is then mounted on a rectangular thermocol so that the limbus is presented at the surgical field. After making a clear corneal entry with a keratome, the trainer makes a 5–5.5 mm continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis in the anterior lens capsule, creates a crater of adequate depth in the cortex and inserts the human nucleus within this crater in the goat’s capsular bag. The surgical wound is sutured, and the goat’s eye is ready for training. Creating the capsulorhexis with precision and making the crater of adequate depth to snugly accommodate the human nucleus are the most important steps to prevent excessive wobbling of the nucleus while training.
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Rhino-cerebral mucormycosis is a rare life-threatening infection caused by fungi from the order Mucorales. The disease occurs mostly in association with diabetic ketoacidosis. Because of its rapid progression and high mortality, early recognition and aggressive treatment offer the only chance to increase the survival rate. We report a case of invasive mucormycosis in a 55 year old diabetic male, who presented with diabetic ketoacidosis and sinusitis. The patient came with complaints of swelling in right side of face, pain in right eye, right orbital swelling and numbness right cheek. An ENT examination revealed right facial swelling and proptosis. Nasal swabs were sent to microbiology for fungal culture. Material from the swab was inoculated on Sabaraud’s dextrose agar and incubated at 37°C and 25°C. The culture was identified as mucor species. Material sent for histopathology showed presence of chronic inflammatory polyp with broad aseptate hyphae suggestive of mucormycosis. On the third day, bilateral middle meatal antrostomy, bilateral anterior and posterior ethmoidectomy and bilateral wide sphenoidotomy was done. Fungal debris were noticed in both maxillary antrum. In the post-operative period, patient was started on inj. amphotericin B. On the 11th post-operative day, patient developed palatal mucosal necrosis. Under general anaesthesia, extensive surgical 2nd look and debridement was done. The necrotic palatal mucosa was completely removed. In addition to IV amphotericin B, topical douching of both nasal cavities and antrum with amphotericin B was done for 20 days. Patient improved, became completely asymptomatic and was discharged.
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Mature wheat grain contain 8-20% proteins. The storage proteins of wheat determine the characteristics and unique properties of its flour in the process of pasta and bread-making and eventually the quality of the finished products obtained. The storage proteins play an integral role in determining the visco-elastic properties of wheat dough, a feature of high quality wheat. The genes, encoding storage proteins as well as factors that may affect their deposition, such as molecular chaperones and foldase enzymes, are of particular interest to wheat industry. Genomic, cDNA and promoter sequences of the three homoeologous gene encoding the “typical” PDI has been already cloned and characterized. Recently, eight new non-homoeologous wheat genes were cloned and characterized in bread wheat. Study characterizing the variability in a 700 bp region comprising 600 bp of 5’ upstream putative promoter region and 100 bp of the first exon of the typical PDI gene in 15 accessions of Triticum urartu (AA), Aegilops speltoides (BB) and Aegilops taushcii (DD), from diverse origin and Triticum aestivum cv Chinese Spring (AABBDD) has also been completed recently. This review explains how functional and evolutionary genomics tools aid in the study of a gene family and its promoter.
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Seizures are more common in children than in any other age group, except the elderly. In fact, there are several kinds of seizures that affect only children. Sometimes children outgrow their seizures but many need to be treated for their seizures for their entire life. The main objectives of this study are to study the physician prescribing pattern in pediatric seizures and to educate the patient care taker about the disease and the use of drugs in order to control seizures and improve the quality of life. A non invasive prospective observational study was done with 86 pediatric patients from 01.11.2010 to 30.04.2011. Females were found to be more prone to seizures; prevalence of seizure was more in children aged 1-5 years old. Febrile seizures (46.5%) are the most commonly observed type of seizure in children followed by tonic – clonic seizures (21%) and complex partial seizures (14%). The other types of seizures observed are simple partial seizures (7%), status epilepticus (2.3%) and others (9.3%). We observed that Clobazam is the most commonly prescribed drug for prophylaxis of febrile seizures. Phenytoin, Clobazam and Sodium valproate were commonly used drug in children. We infer that monotherapy for seizure is effective choice of treatment.
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OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the possible antifertility activity of Enicostemma axillare (E. axillare) leaves and Urena lobata (U. lobata) root in adult male Wistar albino rats.@*METHODS@#Six groups of rats were treated with ethanolic (70%v/v) extracts of E. axillare (375 and 750 mg/kg body weight) and U. lobata root (300 and 600 mg/kg body weight) once daily for 55 days. Control groups received the distilled water and vehicle. All the treated rats had corresponding recovery groups. At the end of each treatment periods, animals were killed and organ weights, sperm characteristics, testicular and epididymal biochemicals as well as testicular enzymes were assessed.@*RESULTS@#The E. axillare and U. lobata at tested doses did not decrease body weight, whereas the weight of testes, epididymides and seminal vesicles were significantly (P<0.01) reduced. Significantly (P<0.01) more reductions in the sperm motility, viability and counts, epididymal and testicular protein contents were noted in the rats treated with higher dose of both the plants. Both the plants at the higher dose caused a marked increase (P<0.01) in sperm morphological abnormalities, testicular cholesterol and ascorbic acid contents were remarkably increased (P<0.01), while, the activities of testicular glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) and Δ(5)-3β-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase (Δ(5)-3β-HSD) were significantly reduced (P<0.01). However, reversal of these changes occurred after 55 days of treatment withdrawal.@*CONCLUSIONS@#This study suggests that the E. axillare leaves and U. lobata root reversibly inhibited spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis indicating reversible antifertility activity which could partially support the traditional of these plants as male contraceptives.
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Animales , Masculino , Ratas , Biomarcadores , Metabolismo , Peso Corporal , Anticonceptivos Masculinos , Farmacología , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Esquema de Medicación , Fertilidad , Genitales Masculinos , Metabolismo , Gentianaceae , India , Malvaceae , Medicina Tradicional , Extractos Vegetales , Farmacología , Hojas de la Planta , Raíces de Plantas , Ratas Wistar , Recuento de Espermatozoides , Motilidad Espermática , Espermatogénesis , EspermatozoidesRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the protective effect of ethanol extract of Mollugo nudicaulis (M. nudicaulis) against perchloroethylene-induced hepatotoxicity.@*METHODS@#The hepatoprotective activity of the ethanol extract of M. nudicaulis (200 mg/kg body wt) was studied in percholoroethylene (1 000 mg/kg body wt) induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar albino rats. The serum levels of AST, ALT, ALP, bilirubin and the liver content of SOD, CAT, GPx, GST, GSH, vitamin C were assessed to evaluate the hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities of the extract. The activity of the extract was compared with silymarin, a standard reference drug. In addition, serum urea, uric acid and creatinine levels were measured to evaluate the kidney function. The histopathological examination of the liver tissues was observed to support the biochemical parameters.@*RESULTS@#The results revealed that the extract significantly (P<0.05) restored the serum levels of AST, ALT, ALP, bilirubin and significantly (P<0.05) increased the antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT, GPx, GST, GSH, vitamin C in perchloroethylene-induced rats to its normalcy. The biochemical observations were supported by the histopathological studies of the liver tissues.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The results led to the conclusion that M. nudicaulis possess hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities against perchloroethylene-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.
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Animales , Femenino , Ratas , Antioxidantes , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas , Quimioterapia , Patología , Creatinina , Sangre , Enzimas , Sangre , Histocitoquímica , Hígado , Molluginaceae , Química , Extractos Vegetales , Ratas Wistar , Tetracloroetileno , Toxicidad , Resultado del Tratamiento , Urea , Sangre , Ácido Úrico , SangreRESUMEN
Seizures are more common in children than in any other age group, except the elderly. In fact, there are several kinds of seizures that affect only children. Sometimes children outgrow their seizures but many need to be treated for their seizures for their entire life. The main objectives of this study are to study the physician prescribing pattern in pediatric seizures and to educate the patient care taker about the disease and the use of drugs in order to control seizures and improve the quality of life. A non invasive prospective observational study was done with 86 pediatric patients from 01.11.2010 to 30.04.2011. Females were found to be more prone to seizures; prevalence of seizure was more in children aged 1-5 years old. Febrile seizures (46.5%) are the most commonly observed type of seizure in children followed by tonic – clonic seizures (21%) and complex partial seizures (14%). The other types of seizures observed are simple partial seizures (7%), status epilepticus (2.3%) and others (9.3%). We observed that Clobazam is the most commonly prescribed drug for prophylaxis of febrile seizures. Phenytoin, Clobazam and Sodium valproate were commonly used drug in children. We infer that monotherapy for seizure is effective choice of treatment.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the antispermatogenic and testicular antisteroidogenic activities of Feronia limonia fruit pulp southern India.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Fourty Wistar male albino rats (Rattus norvegicus) were equally divided into four groups. Experimental groups were administered with the ethanolic extract of Feronia limonia (F. limoni) fruit pulp at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight once daily for 55 days. All treated rats had corresponding recovery groups. At the end of each treatment periods, various spermatological indices, tissue biochemicals and testicular enzymes levels were analysed. Blood profiles were also estimated.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with the control, the F. limonia fruit pulp at both dose levels did not decrease body weight, which were associated with decline in epididymal sperm count, motility, viability and increased percent of abnormal sperm. Further, F. limonia fruit pulp at 500 mg/kg body weight markedly reduced the epididymal and testicular protein content by 24.58% and 29.86%, respectively, as well as the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and Δ(5)-3β-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase) levels by 42.82% and 38.08%, respectively, while a significant elevation was observed in testicular cholesterol and ascorbic acid content. A gradual recovery of all parameters was observed after 55 days of treatment withdrawal. No significant alterations in haematological indices were observed.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The present findings indicate that F. limonia fruit pulp may have reversible antispermatogenic and antisteroidogenic properties, and could partially support the traditional use as male contraceptive.</p>
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Animales , Femenino , Masculino , Ratas , Administración Oral , Antiespermatogénicos , Química , Farmacología , Ácido Ascórbico , Química , Supervivencia Celular , Colesterol , Química , Frutas , Química , Dosificación Letal Mediana , Extractos Vegetales , Química , Farmacología , Recuento de Espermatozoides , Motilidad Espermática , Espermatozoides , Testículo , Metabolismo , Pruebas de Toxicidad Aguda , Tracheophyta , QuímicaRESUMEN
Flavonoids, dietary antioxidant compounds may offer some protection against earlystage diabetes mellitus and its associated complications. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of rutin on overall health of patients with diabetes mellitus. The effects of rutin were tested by using it as a supplement with their regular medications. The total trial period was of 120 days conducted with a gap of 30 days each. It consisted of 30 patients aging between 40-50 years, having diabetes mellitus since last 5 years. These patients were given Rutin Tablets for 60 days. Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS), Body Mass Index (BMI), blood pressures, lipid profile, serum urea and creatinine, electrolytes, SGOT (serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase), SGPT (serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase) and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were measured at baseline and then after every 30 days. Rutin tablets were stopped for next 60 days. All of above parameters were again measured on 90th and 120th day. The results showed that rutin decreased the levels of FBS, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, HDL, Serum Urea and creatinine significantly (P<0.05), whereas significant increase (P<0.05) in TGL, HDL, VLDL were seen. Decrease in the level of SGOT, SGPT, ALP and BMI is not significant.
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The enzymes Acetylcholinesterase (AchE) and Lactatedehydrogenase (LDH) are used as biological markers in the present study. Enzymes are highly sensitive and used to evaluate the biological effects of organophosphate pesticide chlorpyrifos in freshwater mussel Lamellidens marginalis. The test organisms were exposed to sub-lethal concentration (5 ppm) of chlorpyrifos for 30 days and allowed to recover for seven days. A distinct reduction of the enzyme AchE (34 + 3.3 U l-1) was found in the treated hepatopancreas. A significant increase in LDH activity in gill, hepatopancreas and muscle was observed. There was a significant recovery in AchE and LDH in the different tissues, after seven days recovery period.. Hence, the changes in the enzymes are found as the best biomarkering tool to evaluate the effect of organophosphate pesticide chlorpyrifos on the aquatic biota.