Patient profiles and their relationship with the CES-D scale at the Diabetes Center for Puerto Rico

PURPOSE: The prevalence of diabetes mellitus in Puerto Ricans has been identified and reported as being disproportionately higher as compared to other metabolic pathologies. Recently, diabetes has been identified as the third cause of mortality in Puerto Rico (Puerto Rico Health Department, Vital Statistics Annual Report, 1999-2001). The Research Center, Education and Medical Services for Diabetes in Puerto Rico (also known as the [quot ]Centro de Diabetes para Puerto Rico[quot ] [CDPR]) is a public corporation in the island created by the government to reduce diabetes prevalence, mortality and morbidity. METHOD: The CDPR offers Diabetes Self Management Educational Training Program Schools for patients (DSMETPS) island wide. The research design was an ex-post facto. As part of the process, patients are administered an extensive sociodemographic and health information questionnaire, which also includes the CES-D (a symptomatology depressive scale). This study pretends to describe the diabetic patient profiles (n=27) using information from the DSMETPS of the CDPR and explore the association with the CES-D. Variables such as patients' needs, knowledge and understanding of the condition (i.e., pathology management, type and medications utilized and exercise and nutritional patterns), patient attitudes to diabetes and their relations with the CES-D were explored. RESULTS: Results show a negative association, controlling for age and gender, between patients diabetic education/knowledge and CES-D score. CONCLUSIONS: Diabetes educators in Puerto Rico need to identify depressive symptomatology in order to prevent mental health complications in their patients since this may affect their future treatment and prognosis. An interdisciplinary team is recommended to improve the effectivity of the intervention.

Anaphylaxis: an analysis of cases evaluated at the Puerto Rico Medical Center over a ten-year period

OBJECTIVE: To examine the clinical characteristics of patients with anaphylactic reactions evaluated at the Puerto Rico Medical Center over a ten year period. BACKGROUND: Anaphylaxis, an immunologic reaction classically initiated by the combination of an antigen and a mast cell fixed antibody (usually IgE), still carries a fatality rate of 500 to 1000 cases per year in the United States. It constitutes a medical emergency that needs to be identified promptly in order to install appropriate treatment. No studies of this condition have been conducted in Puerto Rico, specifically to assess the clinical presentation, main causes and outcome. METHODS: Eighty-three records of patients with a diagnosis of anaphylaxis were screened by retrospective and concurrent analysis. Of these, only 51 fulfilled the diagnostic criteria of anaphylaxis. Specific data gathered from those records assessed the clinical characteristics of each case, precipitating factors, severity of the reaction and outcome. A standard form was used for data gathering. A grading system was utilized to classify the severity of the clinical episodes. RESULTS: Cutaneous features were the most commonly found manifestations of anaphylactic reactions in the studied group. Only reactions graded 2 and 3 were identified. Reactions to medications were the most frequent identifiable causes of the entity. Multiple sensitivities to different allergens were not predictive of this clinical condition. CONCLUSIONS: The identification in this study that only cases with the more severe grades of anaphylaxis were evaluated and treated at our center, the inability to recognize an inciting cause in about one third of the patient sample and the fact that a minority of the treated patients received subsequent follow-up by an allergist, reflect the need to promote the training of physicians in the field of allergy in Puerto Rico and the continued education of all physicians in the Island regarding this clinical disorder.

Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among a determined Puerto Rican population

The metabolic syndrome defined as diabetes, hypertension, obesity, dyslipidemia, Glucose intolerance and hyperinsulinemia, also known as the syndrome of insulin resistance, has been found highly prevalent among Hispanic populations. The reason is attributed to the high prevalence of obesity and diabetes due to genetic factors, sedentary lifestyle and poor nutritional habits. The association of the metabolic syndrome with cardiovascular disease is widely recognized but the prevalence of the syndrome varies between studies due to the variations among both definitions (ATP III and WHO). We aim to determine the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in a determined Puerto Rican population at the outpatient employee's clinic to further support the burden of the metabolic syndrome among hispanics. In this study, the ATP III criteria presented higher prevalence of the metabolic syndrome than the WHO definition and the modified criteria detected more cases of impaired fasting glucose than ATP III. The 32overall prevalence support the NHANES III reported prevalence among Mexican-Americans.

Rheumatologic manifestations in patients with selected primary immunodeficiencies evaluated at the University Hospital

OBJECTIVE: To characterize an IgA deficient and common variable immunodeficiency (CVI) group of patients in terms of the presence of rheumatologic manifestations. BACKGROUND: Although the molecular basis of some of the primary immunodeficiencies has been elucidated, it has not been possible to explain why in most cases these conditions are often associated with autoimmune manifestations, besides infections. The concomitant inability to fight infections adequately (immunodeficiency) and an inordinate reaction of the immune system to self components (autoimmunity) has been a perplexing situation. METHODS: The clinical and immunological profile of 71 patients fulfilling the diagnostic criteria of selective IgA deficiency (n=38) and common variable immunodeficiency (n=33) were evaluated for concurrent rheumatologic manifestations after a thorough medical history, physical examination and pertinent immunological parameters. RESULTS: The most common autoimmune conditions identified in patients with selective IgA deficiency were Crohn's disease and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE); while immune thrombocytopenic purpura and Crohn's disease were the most common disorders associated to CVI. Anti-IgA antibodies were only found in 26.6(95C.I. 10.1-51.4) of patients with selective IgA deficiency but were present in all patients with that condition and SLE. Fifty per cent patients with CVI and ITP exhibited ANA positivity. CONCLUSIONS: The IgA-deficient group of patients in this study showed a higher prevalence of autoimmune conditions and greater positivity for ANA as compared to patients with CVI. In contrast to other reports with around 44positivity of anti-IgA antibodies in selective IgA patients these were only present in 263of patients with that disorder in this study. The high prevalence of antinuclear antibodies not associated with any clinical autoimmune condition in the IgA-deficient patients in this study will need to be further explored to ascertain why IgA-deficient patients may be at an increased risk of autoimmunity. Inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis) constituted the most common clinical autoimmune manifestations in both groups of patients studied. ITP was the commonest organ-specific autoimmune condition identified in the CVI group, as reported in previous publications. The limited number of patients studied does not allow a reliable estimate of the prevalence of SLE in the IgA-deficient population analyzed.

IgA deficiency: clinical correlates with IgG subclass and mannan-binding lectin deficiencies

OBJECTIVE: To characterize an IgA deficient population in terms of the incidence of IgG subclass and mannose-binding lectin (MBL) deficiencies and the type and severity of infections and other associated disorders. BACKGROUND: Selective IgA deficiency is probably the commonest of the primary immunodeficiency disorders and although it may lead to an increased risk for respiratory and gastrointestinal infections and associated to various autoimmune diseases, it may also be asymptomatic. Several studies have suggested the need of a concomitant defect in order for manifestation of its symptoms. METHODS: A total of 27 patients fulfilling the diagnostic criteria of selective IgA deficiency were evaluated for IgG subclass and MBL deficiencies after a thorough medical history, physical examination and pertinent evaluation for concomitant medical conditions. RESULTS: The overall incidence of IgG subclass deficiency found in the IgA deficient group was 18.5. MBL deficiency was found to be 3.7. These frequencies may have been influenced by the age group evaluated and the size of the population studied. Severe infections were more common in patients with combined deficiencies, either IgA and any of the IgG subclasses or IgA and MBL deficiency. Atopy was widely represented in the patients studied. CONCLUSIONS: The observed relationship between combined deficiencies Ig A, IgG subclasses and MBL and the increased representation of severe infections needs to be corroborated in a larger sample of patients with an inclusion of pediatric patients.

Common variable immunodeficiency: experience in Puerto Rico

Common variable immunodeficiency (CVI) is a primary immunodeficiency characterized by hypogammaglobulinemia and an increased susceptibility to infections. The degree and the type of deficiency of serum immunoglobulins, as well as, the clinical course vary from patient to patient, hence the term [quot ]variable[quot ]. The aim of this report is to describe the clinical characteristics and the response to gammaglobulin therapy of a group of patients with CVI followed at the University Hospital of the Puerto Rico Medical Center. To our knowledge, no data on primary immunodeficiencies in Puerto Rico has been reported in the literature. The study group exhibits specific characteristics as compared to other reported series.

Comparison of oral nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) versus conventional therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome

OBJECTIVE: To compare effectiveness of oral therapy with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) to conventional modalities of treatment in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). BACKGROUND: CFS is a potentially disabling condition of unknown etiology. Although its clinical presentation is associated to a myriad of symptoms, fatigue is a universal and essential finding for its diagnosis. No therapeutic regimen has proven effective for this condition. METHODS: A total of 31 patients fulfilling the Centers for Disease Control criteria for CFS, were randomly assigned to either NADH or nutritional supplements and psychological therapy for 24 months. A thorough medical history, physical examination and completion of a questionnaire on the severity of fatigue and other symptoms were performed each trimester of therapy. In addition, all of them underwent evaluation in terms of immunological parameters and viral antibody titers. Statistical analysis was applied to the demographic data, as well as to symptoms scores at baseline and at each trimester of therapy. RESULTS: The twelve patients who received NADH had a dramatic and statistically significant reduction of the mean symptom score in the first trimester (p < 0.001). However, symptom scores in the subsequent trimesters of therapy were similar in both treatment groups. Elevated IgG and Ig E antibody levels were found in a significant number of patients. CONCLUSIONS: Observed effectiveness of NADH over conventional treatment in the first trimester of the trial and the trend of improvement of that modality in the subsequent trimesters should be further assessed in a larger patient sample

Estudio comparativo de indinavir versus ritonavir para evaluar el desarrollo de enfermedades oportunistas en pacientes adultos de SIDA / A comparative study of indinavir versus ritonavir for assessing the development of opportunistic diseases in adult AIDS patients

This observational study compared the probability of developing the first opportunistic infection among AIDS adult patients attending the [quot ]Programa SIDA de San Juan[quot ] who received either indinavir plus zidovudine and lamivudine (n = 45) or ritonavir plus zidovudine and lamivudine (n = 16) between August 1, 1996 and July 31, 1997. No significant differences were observed with respect to appearance of an opportunistic infection, increase in CD4 levels and decrease in viral load between both groups during the study period. However, an increased probability of being free of opportunistic infection after 10 months was observed for the indinavir group (p > 0.05). In addition, the probability of changing or interrupting prescribed therapy was 2 times higher for patients under ritonavir (p < 0.05). These results suggest the need to confirm these findings in a larger group of patients in a controlled clinical trial and to assess the short-term and long-term effects of both therapies among Puerto Rican AIDS patients