Lung function and left ventricular hypertrophy in morbidly obese candidates for bariatric surgery / Função pulmonar e hipertrofia ventricular esquerda em obesos mórbidos candidatos a cirurgia bariátrica

Objective: To look for correlations between lung function and cardiac dimension variables in morbidly obese patients, in order to test the hypothesis that the relative size of the small airways is independently correlated with left ventricular hypertrophy.Methods: This was a retrospective study involving 192 medical records containing a clinical protocol employed in candidates for bariatric surgery between January of 2006 and December of 2010.Results: Of the 192 patients evaluated, 39 (10 males and 29 females) met the inclusion criteria. The mean BMI of the patients was 49.2 ± 7.6 kg/m2, and the mean age was 35.5 ± 7.7 years. The FEF25-75/FVC, % correlated significantly with left ventricular posterior wall thickness and relative left ventricular posterior wall thickness, those correlations remaining statistically significant (r = −0.355 and r = −0.349, respectively) after adjustment for weight, gender, and history of systemic arterial hypertension. Stepwise multivariate linear regression analysis showed that FVC and FEV1 were the major determinants of left ventricular mass (in grams or indexed to body surface area).Conclusions: A reduction in the relative size of the small airways appears to be independently correlated with obesity-related cardiac hypertrophy, regardless of factors affecting respiratory mechanics (BMI and weight), gender, or history of systemic arterial hypertension. However, FEV1 and FVC might be important predictors of left ventricular mass in morbidly obese individuals.

Objetivo: Verificar a existência de correlações entre variáveis de função pulmonar e de dimensões cardíacas em obesos mórbidos, buscando testar a hipótese de que o tamanho relativo das pequenas vias aéreas correlaciona-se com hipertrofia cardíaca esquerda de forma independente.Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo de 192 prontuários médicos que continham um protocolo clínico de candidatos à cirurgia bariátrica entre janeiro de 2006 a dezembro de 2010.Resultados: Dos 192 pacientes avaliados, 39 (29 mulheres) preencheram os critérios de inclusão. A média do IMC foi de 49,2 ± 7,6 kg/m2, e a média de idade foi de 35,5 ± 7,7 anos. As correlações da FEF25-75/CVF, % com a espessura da parede posterior do ventrículo esquerdo e a espessura relativa da parede posterior do ventrículo esquerdo se mantiveram estatisticamente significativas após ajuste para peso, sexo e história de hipertensão arterial sistêmica (r = −0,355 e r = −0,349, respectivamente). Após análise de regressão linear multivariada stepwise, a CVF e o VEF1foram os principais determinantes da massa ventricular esquerda (em gramas ou indexada para área de superfície corporal).Conclusões: Uma redução no tamanho relativo das pequenas vias aéreas parece apresentar uma correlação independente com hipertrofia cardíaca relacionada à obesidade, independente de fatores que afetam a mecânica respiratória (IMC e peso), sexo ou história de hipertensão arterial sistêmica. O VEF1 e a CVF, por outro lado, podem ser importantes determinantes preditivos da massa ventricular esquerda em obesos mórbidos.

The effects of a diet formulation with oats, soybeans, and flax on lipid profiles and uricemia in patients with AIDS and dyslipidemia

Introduction Although the initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is accompanied by an attenuation of viral load, metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and lipodystrophy are often observed in patients under this treatment. Certain foods, such as oat bran, soy protein, and flaxseed, have been shown to improve a patient's lipid profile despite possible increases in uricemia. Thus, a bioactive compound was formulated using these foods to help patients with HIV/AIDS control metabolic disorders resulting from HAART. Methods An uncontrolled before and after study was performed. The total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, and uric acid before and after 3 months of consuming the formulation were compared in patients. The compound was formulated such that 40g (the recommended daily intake) contained approximately 10g of flaxseed, 20g of oat bran, and 10g of textured soy protein. Results The study population consisted of 139 patients, 31 of whom were included in the final analysis. There were no significant variations between the laboratory results obtained before and after consumption of the compound. Conclusions The regular consumption of the formulation together with individualized dietary guidance did not reduce lipid levels and did not contribute to an increase in uricemia in the study group. However, new studies with higher doses of the foods that compose the formulation should be encouraged to investigate whether these foods can positively influence the lipid profiles of these patients. .

Rosuvastatina e ciprofibrato no tratamento da dislipidemia em pacientes com HIV / Rosuvastatin and ciprofibrate in the treatment of dyslipidemia in patients with HIV

FUNDAMENTO: A dislipidemia secundária à terapia antirretroviral potente nos pacientes com HIV está associada à significativa elevação da morbimortalidade cardiovascular por doença aterosclerótica, sendo, portanto, necessário tratamento imediato e eficaz. OBJETIVO: Demonstrar a efetividade e a segurança da rosuvastatina e do ciprofibrato no tratamento da dislipidemia associada à terapia antirretroviral potente em pacientes com HIV. MÉTODOS: Trezentos e quarenta e seis pacientes com dislipidemia foram submetidos a tratamento farmacológico: 200 pacientes com hipertrigliceridemia receberam ciprofibrato (Grupo I); 79 pacientes com hipercolesterolemia receberam rosuvastatina (Grupo II); e 67 pacientes com dislipidemia mista receberam ciprofibrato associado a rosuvastatina (Grupo III). O perfil lipídico foi avaliado antes e após o tratamento hipolipemiante, sendo feita comparação estatística pelo teste de Wilcoxon. Transaminases hepáticas e creatinofosfoquinase foram dosadas para controle de toxicidade hepática e muscular. RESULTADOS: As concentrações séricas de triglicérides e de colesterol total foram significativamente menores do que as obtidas antes do tratamento, para os três grupos experimentais (p < 0,002). Observou-se aumento significativo do HDL colesterol nos grupos experimentais I e III (p < 0,002). Nos grupos I e II, o LDL-colesterol foi significativamente menor (p < 0,001). Nenhum dos pacientes apresentou elevações de transaminases ou de creatinofosfoquinase a níveis de toxicidade significativa. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados deste estudo demonstram que ciprofibrato, rosuvastatina ou a combinação de ambos pode ser considerada tratamento hipolipemiante efetivo, seguro e com boa tolerância nos pacientes com Aids submetidos à terapia antirretroviral potente.

BACKGROUND: Dyslipidemia secondary to highly active antiretroviral therapy in patients with HIV is associated with a significant increase in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality due to atherosclerotic disease, requiring, thus, immediate and effective treatment. OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the effectiveness and safety of rosuvastatin and ciprofibrate in the treatment of dyslipidemia associated with highly active antiretroviral therapy in patients with HIV. METHODS: Three hundred and forty-six patients with dyslipidemia underwent pharmacological treatment as follows: 200 patients with hypertriglyceridemia received ciprofibrate (Group I); 79 patients with hypercholesterolemia received rosuvastatin (Group II); and 67 patients with mixed dyslipidemia received ciprofibrate associated with rosuvastatin (Group III). The lipid profile was assessed before and after the lipid-lowering treatment, and the Wilcoxon test was used for statistical comparison. Liver transaminases and creatine phosphokinase were measured to assess liver and muscle toxicity. RESULTS: The serum concentrations of triglycerides and total cholesterol were significantly lower than those obtained before the lipid-lowering treatment in the three experimental groups (p < 0.002). A significant increase in HDL-cholesterol was observed in Groups I and III (p < 0.002). In Groups I and II, LDL-cholesterol was significantly lower (p < 0.001). None of the patients experienced elevations in transaminases or creatine phosphokinase to significantly toxic levels. CONCLUSION: The results of this study show that ciprofibrate and rosuvastatin or a combination of both can be considered an effective, safe and well-tolerated lipid-lowering treatment for patients with AIDS on highly active antiretroviral therapy.

Proteína C-reativa ultrassensível em portadores de síndrome metabólica: comparação entre pacientes com AIDS e sem AIDS / High-sensitivity C-reative protein in patients with metabolic syndrome: comparison between patients with AIDS and the general population

Fundamentos: A utilização da terapia antirretroviral altamente ativa para o tratamento da AIDS permitiuatenuação da deficiência imunológica e, consequentemente, da morbidade e mortalidade associadas à doença.Entretanto, o aumento da sobrevida trouxe relevância para o risco de eventos cardiovasculares precoces em portadores da AIDS. Além disso, surgiram efeitos colaterais metabólicosdecorrentes dessa terapêutica, caracterizada por lipodistrofia, resistência à insulina e dislipidemia mista. Objetivo: Comparar os níveis de proteína C-reativa ultrassensível em pacientes portadores de síndromemetabólica sem AIDS e com AIDS, estabelecendo uma possível relação entre a atividade inflamatória vascular eo risco aterotrombótico induzidos pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana e/ou pelos efeitos metabólicos associados à terapia antirretroviral. Métodos: Estudo observacional transversal comparativodos níveis de proteína C-reativa ultrassensível em dois grupos de pacientes: com síndrome metabólica sem AIDS (n=55) e com síndrome metabólica + AIDS (n=51).Resultados: Entre os indivíduos do grupo SM sem AIDS, 16,4 (n=9) apresentaram valor de PCR <1,0; 34,5 (n=19) apresentaram PCR entre 1,0 e 3,0 e 49,1 (n=27)apresentaram valor de PCR >3,0. Já entre os indivíduos do grupo SM + AIDS, 13,7 (n=7) apresentaram valor de PCR <1,0; 29,4 (n=15) apresentaram PCR entre 1,0 e 3,0 e 56,9 (n=29) apresentaram valor de PCR >3,0.Conclusões: Não houve associação significativa entre a classificação do PCR ultrassensível e o grupo avaliado(p=0,725). Os resultados encontrados sugerem que tanto no grupo de SM sem AIDS quanto no grupo de SM + AIDSas estatinas induzem uma queda dose-dependente nos níveis de PCR ultrassensível. Palavras-chave: Proteína C-reativa; Síndrome X metabólica;Estudo comparativo; Síndrome de imunodeficiência adquirida.

Risco cardiovascular pré e pós-terapia antirretroviral potente nospacientes com síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida / Cardiovascular risk before and after highly active antiretroviral therapy in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A terapia antirretroviral potente (HAART) nos pacientes com síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida (SIDA), está associada à alterações metabólicas como dislipidemia, resistência insulínica, diabetes e obesidade visceral, fatores de risco relacionados à aterosclerose precoce. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o incremento do risco cardiovascular estimado pelo escore de Framingham pré e pós-HAART, assim como a influência do tempo de tratamento, da idade, do sexo, da raça e da presença de lipodistrofia. MÉTODO: Foram avaliados 359 pacientes, através de dados secundários dos prontuários do Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) e do Centro de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias do município de Campo Grande - MS, referentes às variáveis sócio-demográficas, esquema terapêutico, tempo de tratamento e exames realizados. Para comparar as diferentes classes de antirretrovirais os pacientes foram distribuídos em quatro grupos: Grupo I igual zidovudina, lamivudinae inibidor da protease; Grupo II igual zidovudina, lamivudina e efavirenz ou nevirapina; Grupo III igual estavudina, lamivudina e efavirenz ou nevirapina e Grupo IV igual estavudina, lamivudina e inibidor da protease. RESULTADOS: Os achados deste estudo mostraram uma elevação de 1,85% no escore de Framingham. Doença arterial coronária foi diagnosticada em 13 pacientes. O risco foi mais significativo nos pacientes com idade entre 60 e 74 anos, no sexo masculino e nos pacientes com lipodistrofia. Diferença estatisticamente significativa não foi observada em relação ao tempo de exposição à medicação e à raça. O grupo IV apresentou maior incremento no risco cardiovascular quando comparado ao grupo II. CONCLUSÃO: A utilização da terapia antirretroviral nos pacientes com SIDA está associada ao aumento do risco para doença aterosclerótica coronária.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is associated with metabolic disorders such as dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, visceral obesity and diabetes, risk factors related to early atherosclerosis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the increase of the cardiac risk estimated to the Framingham's score before and after HAART, as well as the influence of the time of treatment, age, sex, race and presence of lipodystropy. METHOD: 359 patients were evaluated through the secondary data of handbooks of the University Hospital of Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) and Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of the city of Campo Grande - MS, concerning to the socio-demographic variables, treatment schedule, duration of treatment and examinations. To compare the different antiretroviral classes the patients had been distributed in four groups: Group I equal zidovudine, lamivudine and protease inhibitor; Group II equal zidovudine, lamivudine and efavirenz or nevirapine; Group III equal stavudine, lamivudine and efavirenz or nevirapine; and Group IV equal stavudine, lamivudine and protease inhibitor. RESULTS: The findings of this study had shown increase of 1.85% in Framingham's score, coronary artery disease was diagnosed in 13 patients. The risk was more significant in the age group from 60 to 74 years, in men and in patients with lipodistrophy. No statistically significant difference was observed in the time of exposure to medication and the race. Group IV presented higher increase in cardiovascular risk when compared to the Group II. CONCLUSION: The use of antiretroviral therapy in AIDS patients is associated with increased risk for coronary atherosclerotic disease.

Metabolic effects associated to the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in AIDS patients

The aim of this study was to evaluate the metabolic abnormalities (dyslipidaemia and insulin resistance) associated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in AIDS patients, treated in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. The patients were distributed in five different groups: Group 1, HIV-infected without antiretroviral therapy; Group 2, with Zidovudine, Lamivudine and Efavirenz or Nevirapine; Group 3, with Zidovudine, Lamivudine and Protease Inhibitor; Group 4, with Stavudine, Lamivudine and Efavirenz or Nevirapine; and Group 5, with Stavudine, Lamivudine and Protease Inhibitor. The lipid and glucose profile were determined and statistics comparison was made. The findings of this study showed significant statistics elevations of total cholesterol and triglycerides levels in patients of Groups 3, 4 and 5, when comparing to patients of Groups 1 and 2. Significant differences were not observed between the groups in the others parameters evaluated: Glucose, HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol. Comparing two drugs of same class (NNRTI) through the subgroups II-efavirenz and II-nevirapine, significant differences in the serum levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose favorable to the subgroup II-NVP were observed. These findings suggest that combinations including Protease Inhibitors and/or Stavudine could cause more adverse metabolic effects, and if possible, should be avoided in patients with others cardiovascular risk factors to prevent the precocious atherosclerosis in AIDS patients receiving HAART.

Dyslipidaemia associated with the highly active antiretroviral therapy in aids patient: reversion after switching (stavudine to tenofovir and lopinavir/ritonavir to atazanavir/ritonavir)

Antiretroviral therapy has been associated with hyperlipidemia in AIDS patients. This case illustrates the classic metabolic effects associated to the HAART including protease inhibitors and/or stavudine. It was showed that the management of the HAART-associated dyslipidaemia with conventional antihyperlipidemic therapy may fail, being the switching strategy the best option.