RESUMEN
Background@#Vulvar cancer is one of the rare gynecologic malignancies. Despite the recent increasing trend of vulvar cancer in western countries due to the increased infection of human papillomavirus, there has been no study for population-based incidence of vulvar cancer in Korea. We aimed to investigate the prevalence and treatment of vulvar cancer in South Korea between 2014 and 2018. @*Methods@#Data from patients diagnosed and treated with vulvar cancer between 2014 and 2018 were obtained from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service/National Inpatient Sample (National In-Patient Sample) in South Korea. @*Results@#A total of 4,636,542 women were identified through the HIRA-NIS database from 2014 to 2018, of which 259 patients were diagnosed and treated for vulvar cancer. The mean age diagnosed with vulvar cancer was 62.82 (± 14.30) years in 2014, 64.19 (± 16.79) years in 2015, and 67.40 (± 14.41) years in 2016. In terms of treatment modalities, the most frequent treatment was surgery only without chemotherapy or radiation therapy. In the age-specific prevalence analysis, vulvar cancer was the most prevalent among those over 70 years old. According to multiple regression analysis, patients’ age was significantly associated with the prevalence of vulvar cancer. Vulvar cancer was more prevalent in women with low socioeconomic status (SES) compared to those with high SES in 2018 (OR, 4.242; P < 0.001). @*Conclusion@#Considering the high prevalence of vulvar cancer in the elderly, it is necessary to establish a new strategy for early screening and treatment.
RESUMEN
Background@#and Purpose Migraine is reportedly associated with several cardio-cerebrovascular diseases (CCDs), but some of these diseases have not received sufficient attention. We thus attempted to determine the associations of migraine with peripheral arterial disease (PAD), ischemic heart disease (IHD), atrial fibrillation/flutter (AF), ischemic stroke (IS), and hemorrhagic stroke (HS). @*Methods@#The study population was recruited by applying International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) codes to the database of the Korean National Health Insurance Service from 2002 to 2018. Cumulative incidence curves were plotted to compare the incidence rates of CCDs between the migraine (ICD-10 code G43; n=130,050) and nonmigraine (n=130,050) groups determined using 1:1 propensity-score matching. Cox proportional-hazards regression models were used to obtain adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for CCDs in patients with any migraine, migraine with aura (n=99,751), and migraine without aura (n=19,562) compared with nonmigraine controls. @*Results@#For all CCDs, the cumulative incidence rates were higher in the migraine group than the nonmigraine group (p<0.001 in log-rank test). Any migraine, irrespective of the presence of aura, was associated with PAD (aHR 2.29, 95% CI 2.06–2.53), IHD (aHR 2.17, 95% CI 2.12– 2.23), AF (aHR 1.84, 95% CI 1.70–1.99), IS (aHR 2.91, 95% CI 2.67–3.16), and HS (aHR 2.46, 95% CI 2.23–2.71). aHR was higher in female than in male migraineurs for all of the CCDs. @*Conclusions@#Associations of migraine with CCDs have been demonstrated, which are stronger in females than in males.
RESUMEN
Purpose@#The aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence of depression, anxiety, somatization disorder, and adjustment disorder in older patients diagnosed with exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and to evaluate the relationship between exudative AMD and psychological disease. @*Methods@#The 2016 Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service-Aged Patient Sample was applied in this study. The subjects were divided into two groups: AMD patients undergoing intravitreal injection treatment and a control group. Comorbidities were evaluated using the Charlson Comorbidity Index. @*Results@#A total of 1,319,052 subjects were selected, of which 3,134 were in the exudative AMD group receiving intravitreal injections. The average age of the subjects was 74.7 ± 6.7 years, and 41.8% were male. In patients with exudative AMD, the prevalence of depression, anxiety, somatization disorder, and adjustment disorder were 16%, 20%, 0.5%, and 0.4%, respectively; in particular, the prevalence of depression and adjustment disorder were significantly higher than in the control group. In multivariate regression analysis, exudative AMD was a significant factor of depression (odds ratio [OR] 1.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.08-1.31, p < 0.001) and adjustment disorder (OR 2.47, 95% CI 1.47-4.18, p < 0.001). However, the association between AMD and anxiety or somatization disorder was not statistically significant. @*Conclusions@#Exudative AMD showed a significant association with psychiatric disease, such as depression, and requires close clinical attention.
RESUMEN
Purpose@#The aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence of depression, anxiety, somatization disorder, and adjustment disorder in older patients diagnosed with exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and to evaluate the relationship between exudative AMD and psychological disease. @*Methods@#The 2016 Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service-Aged Patient Sample was applied in this study. The subjects were divided into two groups: AMD patients undergoing intravitreal injection treatment and a control group. Comorbidities were evaluated using the Charlson Comorbidity Index. @*Results@#A total of 1,319,052 subjects were selected, of which 3,134 were in the exudative AMD group receiving intravitreal injections. The average age of the subjects was 74.7 ± 6.7 years, and 41.8% were male. In patients with exudative AMD, the prevalence of depression, anxiety, somatization disorder, and adjustment disorder were 16%, 20%, 0.5%, and 0.4%, respectively; in particular, the prevalence of depression and adjustment disorder were significantly higher than in the control group. In multivariate regression analysis, exudative AMD was a significant factor of depression (odds ratio [OR] 1.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.08-1.31, p < 0.001) and adjustment disorder (OR 2.47, 95% CI 1.47-4.18, p < 0.001). However, the association between AMD and anxiety or somatization disorder was not statistically significant. @*Conclusions@#Exudative AMD showed a significant association with psychiatric disease, such as depression, and requires close clinical attention.
RESUMEN
The pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics analysis software NONMEM(R) output provides model parameter estimates and associated standard errors. However, the standard error of empirical Bayes estimates of inter-subject variability is not available. A simple and direct method for estimating standard error of the empirical Bayes estimates of inter-subject variability using the NONMEM(R) VI internal matrix POSTV is developed and applied to several pharmacokinetic models using intensively or sparsely sampled data for demonstration and to evaluate performance. The computed standard error is in general similar to the results from other post-processing methods and the degree of difference, if any, depends on the employed estimation options.