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ABSTRACT Introduction: The β-hydroxy β-methyl butyrate (HMB) is an amino acid leucine metabolite with several ergogenic benefits. It is known that it can benefit testosterone and cortisol concentration in athletes. However, no systematic review and meta-analysis has focused on the effects of HMB supplementation on testosterone and cortisol in trained athletes. Objectives: The meta-analysis evaluates the effect of HMB supplementation on testosterone and cortisol in trained athletes and verifies conflicting results between studies. Methods: A systemic review was performed in Scopus, Medline, and Google scholar databases of articles published until August 2021. The Cochrane Collaboration tool was used to assess the risk of bias and assess the quality of the studies. Random effects model, weighted mean difference (WMD), and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to estimate the overall effect. Results: Although the meta-analysis showed that HMB consumption does not alter cortisol and testosterone concentration, subgroup analysis based on exercise type exhibited a significant decrease in cortisol concentration in resistance training exercises (P<0.05) and a significant increase in testosterone concentration in combined aerobic and anaerobic sports (P<0.05). Conclusion: The results indicate that HMB supplementation in athletes can reduce cortisol concentration in endurance exercise and increase testosterone concentration in combined aerobic and anaerobic exercise. Evidence Level II; Therapeutic Studies - Investigating the results.
RESUMO Introdução: o β-hidroxi β-metilbutirato (HMB) é um metabólito de aminoácido leucina e tem vários benefícios ergogênicos. Sabe-se que ela pode beneficiar a concentração de testosterona e cortisol em atletas. Porém, nenhuma revisão sistemática e meta-análise focou-se nos efeitos que a suplementação de HMB provoca sobre testosterona e cortisol em atletas treinados. Objetivos: A meta-análise tem como objetivo avaliar o efeito de suplementação de HMB na testosterona e cortisol em atletas treinados, além de verificar resultados contraditórios entre estudos. Métodos: Foi feita uma revisão sistêmica nas bases Scopus, Medline e Google scholar dos artigos publicados até agosto de 2021. A ferramenta de colaboração Cochrane foi utilizada para avaliar o risco de viés e também para avaliar a qualidade dos estudos. Modelo de efeitos aleatórios, diferença média ponderada (ADM) e intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC) foram utilizados para estimar o efeito geral. Resultados: Embora a meta-análise tenha evidenciado que o consumo de HMB não altere a concentração de cortisol e testosterona, a análise do subgrupo com base no tipo de exercício exibiu uma diminuição significativa na concentração do cortisol nos exercícios de treinamento de resistência (P<0,05) e um aumento significativo na concentração de testosterona em esportes combinados aeróbicos e anaeróbicos (P<0,05). Conclusão: Os resultados indicam que a suplementação de HMB em atletas pode reduzir a concentração de cortisol em exercícios de resistência e aumentar a concentração de testosterona em exercícios aeróbicos e anaeróbicos combinados. Nível de evidência II; Estudos Terapêuticos - Investigação de Resultados.
RESUMEN Introducción: El β-hidroxi-β-metilbutirato (HMB) es un metabolito del aminoácido leucina y tiene varios beneficios ergogénicos. Está comprobado que puede beneficiar la concentración de testosterona y cortisol en los deportistas. Sin embargo, ninguna revisión sistemática y meta-análisis se ha centrado en los efectos que la suplementación con HMB provoca en la testosterona y el cortisol en atletas entrenados. Objetivos: El meta-análisis tiene como objetivo evaluar el efecto de la suplementación con HMB sobre la testosterona y el cortisol en atletas entrenados, y verificar los resultados contradictorios entre los estudios. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistémica en las bases de datos Scopus, Medline y Google scholar de los artículos publicados hasta agosto de 2021. Se utilizó la herramienta de colaboración Cochrane para evaluar el riesgo de sesgo y también para evaluar la calidad de los estudios. Se utilizó un modelo de efectos aleatorios, una diferencia de medias ponderada (DMP) y un intervalo de confianza (IC) del 95% para estimar el efecto global. Resultados: Aunque el meta-análisis mostró que el consumo de HMB no altera la concentración de cortisol y testosterona, el análisis de subgrupos basado en el tipo de ejercicio mostró una disminución significativa de la concentración de cortisol en los ejercicios de entrenamiento de resistencia (P<0,05) y un aumento significativo de la concentración de testosterona en los deportes aeróbicos y anaeróbicos combinados (P<0,05). Conclusión: Los resultados indican que la suplementación con HMB en los atletas puede reducir la concentración de cortisol en el ejercicio de resistencia y aumentar la concentración de testosterona en el ejercicio aeróbico y anaeróbico combinado. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - Investigación de resultados.
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Autophagy is a process that delivers cytoplasmic components to lysosome for degradation, which plays an important role in intracellular homeostasis and achieving self-renewal.Recent studies have shown a close relation between autophagy and renal cystogenesis in ADPKD.Further studies show that there are two phenomena of autophagy impairment and autophagy enhancement in the ADPKD disease model.Autophagy disorders influence the occurrence and development of ADPKD.Therefore, the regulation of autophagy may be a new strategy for ADPKD treatment.Medicines that regulate autophagy through mTOR-dependent and mTOR-independent pathways also show a positive effect in alleviating ADPKD symptoms.This paper reviews the progress of the role of autophagy in ADPKD and provides reference for further research of autophagy in ADPKD and its medicine regulation.
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Objective:To discuss the clinical efficacy of Yixinshu capsule for viral myocarditis (VMC) with deficiency of Qi and Yin, and to investigate its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect. Method:One hundred and thirty-two patients were randomly divided into control group (66 cases) and observation group (66 cases) by random number table. Patients in two group got comprehensive treatment of Western medicine, i.e. intravenous drip of creatine phosphate injection for 14 days, 1 g/time, 1 time/day. Coenzyme Q10 capsule, 1 grain/time, 3 times/day after meals. Trimetazidine dihydrochloride tablets, 1 tablet/time, 3 times/day during meals. And critically ill patients got intravenous drip of dexamethasone sodium phosphate injection for 14 days, 10-20 mg/time, 1 time/day. The control group took Wenxin granules orally,One bag at a time,3 times/day. Patients in observation group additionally got Yixinshu capsule, 3 grains/time, 3 times/days. The courses of treatment were 8 weeks in both groups. The serum troponin I (cTnI) and creatine phosphokinase (CK-MB) were monitored, and after treatment, the recovery rates of cTnI, CK-MB were recorded. Before and after treatment, the electrocardiogram was observed and the recovery rate after treatment was recorded. Before and after treatment, the scores of deficiency of Qi and Yin were graded, and levels of creatine phosphokinase (CPK), hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBDH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-10 (IL-10), IL-17 and IL-35 were detected. Echocardiography, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), cardiac index (CI), and maximum velocity values between early and late diastolic (E/A) were detected. Result:In the analysis of rank sum test, clinical efficacy in observation group was better than that in control group (Z=2.151, P<0.05). Recovery rates of cTnI, CK-MB and electrocardiogram in observation group were 82.26% (51/62), 90.32% (56/62) and 80.65% (50/62), higher than 65.00% (39/60), 73.33% (44/60) and 63.33% (38/60) in control group (P<0.05). Levels of serum cTnI, CK-MB, CPK, HBDH, LDH, AST, MDA, IFN-γ and IL-17 were lower than those in control group (P<0.01), while levels of LVEF, CI, E/A, SOD, GSH-Px, IL-10 and IL-35 were higher than those in control group (P<0.01). Conclusion:On the basis of comprehensive anti-infection treatment, Yixinshu capsule can additional protect myocardium by anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect, reduce myocardial enzyme, promote the recovery of ECG and cardiac enzyme, improve cardiac function and improve the effect of clinical treatment.
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Objectives: To investigate the genetic mutation in a Chinese family with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH). Methods: Whole exome sequencing was performed in two patients and two healthy family members in the PAH pedigree. Patient-specific variations were screened by bioinformatics methods and compared between groups. To further identify the association between these variations and PAH, Sanger sequencing was used to analyze the genotype of PAH patients and 100 healthy controls. Results: Two affected persons were found among the eight family members. The patients was presented as dyspnea after exercise, and right-heart catheterization was performed to measure the mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP, 77 mmHg), cardiac output (CO, 4.92 L/min), and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR, 13.4 Wood units). The hereditary characteristic in this family presented in mother and child, suggesting an autosomal dominant patter. Exome sequencing, mutation detection and sanger variants validation revealed a novel heterozygous frameshift mutation (c.747_748 insCCTTTGATGGAACATGA:p.V250fs) in the BMPR2 gene. Meanwhile, this heterozygous insertion mutation was absent in 100 ethnically matched control samples screened by direct sanger sequencing. Conclusions: Our study revealed a novel heterozygous frameshift mutation in the BMPR2 gene, expanding the BMPR2 mutation spectrums.
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<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is a nonatherosclerotic but a rare and extremely dangerous clinical entity, it has a high prevalence in young female population with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The previous reports were restricted to other countries' population, but rare in China. Hence, this study aimed to focus on the characteristics of SCAD as a cause of young female AMI population in Jiangsu, China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>This study enrolled young female AMI patients aged ≤50 years who underwent coronary angiography (CAG) and intracoronary imaging in our center between January 2013 and December 2016. Their clinical presentations, risk factors, and CAG characteristics were analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 60 young female AMI (<7 days) patients were enrolled. From their CAG and intracoronary imaging results, the prevalence of SCAD in young female AMI population was 35% (21/60), the prevalence of coronary atherosclerostic heart disease was 65% (39/60). In the SCAD group, 43% (9/21) presented with non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) and the remainder presenting as STEMI. SCAD usually occurred in a single vessel (20/21, 95%), especially in left anterior descending artery (14/21, 67%). Eighteen patients (18/21, 86%) underwent conservative treatment, whereas the remaining three patients (3/21, 14%) underwent percutaneous coronary intervention. Regarding the angiographic results of SCAD lesions, intramural hematoma was discriminated in 95% (20/21), and Type I imaging was observed in 5% (1/21), Type II was observed in 67% (14/21), and Type III was 29% (6/21). The average stenosis in the group was 76.9% ± 20.6%, and the mean lesion length was 36.6 ± 8.6 mm.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>SCAD has a high prevalence in young female AMI population in Jiangsu, China. Discriminating the cause of AMI in young female population is very important.</p>
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of chloroquine diphosphate on the proliferation and apoptosis of human leukemic K562 cells, and to elucidate its possible mechanism of activity. The inhibitory effect of chloroquine diphosphate with different concentrations on K562 cell proliferation was detected by MTT method. Apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry (FCM); morphological analysis of apoptosis was performed after staining with propidium iodide (PI) under fluorescence microscope; cell apoptosis was assessed by the DNA ladder shown agarose gel electrophoresis. After treatment with chloroquine diphosphate, K562 cells were stained by Rhodamine 123 to detect changes in mitochondrial transmembrane potential (DeltaPsim) by FCM. The results showed that the cell viability decreased in dose-dependent manner, following chloroquine diphosphate treatment at different concentrations (1.5625, 3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 micromol/L) for 24, 48 and 72 hours. By FCM analysis, the significant increases of sub-G(1) were observed. DNA ladder was detected and apoptotic nuclei were observed. DeltaPsim decreased in K562 cells after chloroquine diphosphate treatment. It is concluded that the chloroquine diphosphate can inhibit the proliferation of K562 cells and induce cell apoptosis, which may relate to down-regulation of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (DeltaPsim).