RESUMEN
Objective: The spectrum of lesions diagnosed by fine needleaspiration cytology with routine & special stains and it’scorrelation with radiological findings.Materials & Methods: The study is performed on a total ofhundred (100) patients over duration from February 2017 toSeptember 2018. The data was collected in cytopathologysection of TMMC & RC from the patients referred from OPDsor was admitted through the period of study.Results: Among 100 FNAC cases, 36(36%) had NecrotizingGranulomatous Lymphadenitis, 23(23%) had GranulomatousLymphadenitis, 20(20%) had Reactive Lymphadenopathy, 6%had suppurative lymphadenitis & 2% had Necrotic Lymphnode, 10(10%) had Metastatic Squamous cell carcinoma,2(2%) had Hodgkin Lymphoma, 1(1%) had Non – HodgkinLymphoma.Conclusion: Our study concluded that FNAC is a minimallyinvasive, cost effective and rapid diagnostic tool. When used inconjunction with radiology for the diagnosis oflymphadenopathy FNAC can be a cost effective method
RESUMEN
Aim & Objectives: To study the histopathological spectrum ofvarious lesions in the urinary bladder biopsies and to assessvarious types of urinary bladder lesions with regard tofrequency, age and sex distribution.Materials & Methods: The study was carried out in theDepartment of Pathology, Teerthanker Mahaveer MedicalCollege, Moradabad. All Trans urethral resection of bladdertumor biopsies were collected & analysed including relevantclinical information.Results: The present study was conducted over a period ofone and half year; during which a total of 50 lesions weresubmitted for histopathological examination which wereevaluated. 90% of them were neoplastic rest 10% werediagnosed as cystitis. 84% of them were male. One third ofthem were found to be in age group of 61-70 years which isfound to be the commonest age group in our study. Hematuriais the commonest clinical presentation. Two third of the caseswere High grade urothelial carcinoma.Conclusion: Most common presenting complaint washaematuria which on cystoscopy showed presence of growth.Of these biopsy specimens most common lesions were foundto be neoplastic with majority being high grade urothelialcarcinoma two third of which showed muscle invasion.
RESUMEN
Introduction: Blood transfusion services are vital and aim toprovide blood and blood products which are safe, readilyavailable and adequate to meet the need of the patient. Aim ofstudy is to estimate the frequency, type of adverse reactionsand interventions that can be taken to reduce this frequency.Materials and Methods: The present study was conductedover duration of 12 months (January 2017 to December2017). This study comprises of 6500 blood donations inwhich 6250 were male and 250 were female donors.4680 were voluntary donors and 1820 were replacementdonors. Overall, 3473 whole blood donations, 2983component donations, and 44 plateletpheresis donationswere considered.Results: Only 43 had some adverse events. Out of these, 15had vasovagal reaction followed by nausea and vomitingcomprising 11 donors. Some less common reactions werehematoma and nerve injury. As compared to whole blooddonation there are less adverse events in cases ofplateletpheresis.Conclusion: Only few donors suffered any adverse eventbut methods should be employed to reduce risks with thehelp of maximum safety measures.
RESUMEN
Background: Psoriasis is a multifactorial chronic relapsing inflammatory dermatological disorder associated with significant comorbidities. It is characterized by sharply demarcated, erythematous papules, and plaques with abundant silvery-white scales. Due to its variable clinical presentation, histopathology remains the mainstay of diagnosis. However, these histologic features changes with treatment and may also guide in therapeutic decision-making. Aim: The aim is to evaluate and compare the histopathological features of psoriatic lesions before treatment with those receiving treatment for psoriasis. Patients and Methods: A total of 101 biopsies from selected consecutive patients of histopathologically confirmed psoriasis vulgaris were included in the study. These cases were then divided into two groups, Group A includes cases who never received treatment and Group B, those receiving treatment for psoriasis. These biopsies were histopathologically analyzed and compared for various morphological features. Results: Of 101 cases of psoriasis, 72 cases were included in Group A and 29 were included in Group B. Biopsies of Group A showed parakeratosis and acanthosis as a common feature in all of them with dilated or abnormal capillary pattern in dermal papillae in 93.1%. In Group B, in spite of uniform parakeratosis as noticed in Group A biopsies, focal parakeratosis was seen in 83.3%, acanthosis in 87.5%, and dilated/abnormal capillary pattern in dermis was observed to be a universal feature in biopsies of Group B. All other microscopic features of psoriasis also decreased in frequency in Group B. However, statistically significant difference is seen only in changes in morphological features of superficial epidermis that is, parakeratosis, acanthosis, and absent or decreased granular layer in both the groups. Conclusion: Treatment may lead to improvement in the histologic features in epidermis with significant difference in few of them. However, abnormal vasculature in the dermal papillae persists and does not show any improvement with therapy.
RESUMEN
Background: The Rh blood group system is one of the most polymorphic systems in human. Following the discovery of the ABO blood group systems, the greatest breakthrough in transfusion medicine was the discovery of the Rh antigen. . The most common and immunogenic are D, C, E, c and e. The RhD blood group antigen has been shown to be subject to many phenotypic variations. The “weak D” actually refers to red cells with the aberrant Rh-D protein expressing reduced membrane surface D antigen. There is one misconception that individuals with weak phenotypes cannot make anti-D in contrast to partial D because they have low levels of complete D antigen. Methods: Commercially available monoclonal anti D sera was used to detect Rh-D factor status. Individuals found negative with saline anti-D were further investigated and confirmed for weak D antigen by using anti human globulin serum (Indirect Coomb’s technique). Results: During this study 19,347 healthy blood donors were tested for Rh-D factor status. Among these 17,295(89.4%) were Rh-D factor positive while 2052(10.6%) donors were Rh-D factor negative. Among the Rh-D factor negative individuals, 4(0.19%) were weak D positive. Conclusion: It is important to detect and determine all RH negative individuals by saline method for the detection of weak D status to reduce the chances of alloimmunization.
RESUMEN
Background: To describe the hematological profile occurring at different clinical spectrums of dengue. Methods:Study was conducted in Department of Pathology, Teerthankar Mahaveer Medical College and Research Centre Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh. A total of 100 cases were enrolled with patients who were serologically positive for Dengue either by ELISA/Card(NS1, IgG, IgM) method. A blood specimen of 2 ml was obtained from all the patients under aseptic conditions and was sent for evaluation using Sysmex XS 800i automated counter. Various hematological and biochemical parameters were noted. All the patients were followed up till day 5. Results: Out of a total of 100 cases enrolled in the study a total of 55 (55%) did not have bleeding manifestations and comprised the Group I of study whereas remaining 45 (45%) patients presented with bleeding manifestations and were placed in Group II of study. Age of patients ranged from 4 to 80 years. Maximum number of patients were in age group 21 to 40 years (42%). Mean age of patients was 34.04±17.58 years. Majority of cases were detected on ELISA (54%). Mean TLC was 6549±4093/cumm. A total of 87% cases had platelet count <150,000/cumm. Group I where 34.5% patients had platelet count <50,000 in Group II this proportion was 62.2%, thus showing a significant difference between two groups (p=0.038). The proportion of patients with platelet count >100,000/cumm was 26%, 22% and 35% respectively on baseline, day 3 and day 5 where as proportion of those with platelet count <20,000/cumm was 16%, 10% and 6% respectively on baseline, day 3 and day 5 respectively. No significant difference between two groups with respect to any of the biochemical parameters (p>0.05) was observed. Conclusion: The findings in present study provide a deep insight into the hematological picture vis-à-vis the clinical and biochemical profile of dengue fever at a tertiary care centre. Considering the relevance of onset and hematological changes, the findings in present study were somewhat skewed as most of the patients included in the present study had delayed admission and as such the onset record was not available. The present study was also limited by the duration of follow-up and outcome evaluation, including relapse.
RESUMEN
Background: Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer - related deaths in Asia. The number of intra-nuclear silver stained structures, termed AgNORs, is significantly higher in malignant cells than in normal, reactive or benign cells. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the AgNOR scores in FNA smears of breast lesions and their correlation with histopathology. Aims & Objective: To establish AgNOR staining as a diagnostic and prognostic tool in management of various breast lesions. Methods: This was a prospective study conducted over a period of 18 months may 2015 to November 2016. A total of 100 cases were included in the study. AgNOR stain was done in both cytology and scoring was done and analysed. Results: In FNAC aspirates, Mean AgNOR count ranged from 5 to 9.9 per high power field with a mean value of 2.888±2.553. The AgNOR dots morphology was homogenous, symmetric with regular contours in FNAC slides of benign breast lesion. In malignant breast lesions, the dots were asymmetric with irregular contours and were aggregated, smaller and more scattered. Conclusions: The present study showed that fine needle aspiration cytology is a useful modality for diagnosis of breast lesions. It has a high concordance with the histopathology . AgNOR count assessment provides a useful objective measure for segregation of different grades of tumor with 100% accuracy for detection of higher grade of lesions, as observed in present study. For differentiation of benign from malignant lesions too it has a high sensitivity as well as specificity. The usefulness of FNAC to evaluate nodal involvement also showed a 90% sensitivity and 95.6% specificity. On the basis of present study, it could be concluded that AgNOR count estimation using fine needle aspiration is a useful method to differentiate and diagnose breast lesions.
RESUMEN
Background: Palpable breast lumps are quite common which can be benign or malignant. Carcinoma breast is the second most common cancer after cervical cancer. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a minimally invasive, rapid, reliable and cost-effective outdoor procedure to provide effective diagnosis and way to further planning of treatment without need for biopsy. The objective of the study is to study the spectrum of various breast lesions on cytomorphology and its histopathological correlation. Methods: This was a two years retrospective study from June 2014 to May 2016 including 280 cases aspirated from palpable breast lumps. Physical examination of breast lumps by palpation was done. Cytological diagnosis was made and histopathological correlation was done, wherever available. Results: On cytomorphological study of 280 breast lump aspirates 32 (11.43%) were inflammatory lesions, 180 (64.29%) benign, 6 (2.14%) atypical/probably benign, 8 (2.86%) suspicious of malignancy, 46 (16.43%) malignant and 8 (2.86%) were unsatisfactory for evaluation, of these 280 cases, 70 (25%) were available for histopathological examination. The most common benign lesion in the present study was fibroadenoma 115 (41.07%) and the most common malignant lesion was ductal carcinoma 43 (15.36%). Conclusion: Fine needle aspiration cytology is a rapid and reliable tool to provide effective diagnosis in palpable breast lumps. It should be used as routine diagnostic procedure to provide the effective health care to the patients with breast lesions.
RESUMEN
Background: Blood transfusion has profound role to play in specific illness, but still due to unsafe and careless practices the peril of transfusion transmissible infections (TTIs) such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), syphilis and malaria prevails. Objective: To study the seroprevalence of TTIs in healthy blood donors in specific Kuppuswamy’s socio-economic scale at a Blood Bank of a tertiary care teaching hospital in north India, to enhance the awareness about transfusion related risks and to implement better strategic measures to prevent TTI, in high risk groups. Material and Method: Total 10,569 blood units were collected from Jan-2014 to Septmeber-2015. All donors were categorised according to the Kuppuswamy’s Socioeconomic Status Scale (KSESS) followed by screening of all sera samples for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), antibodies to HCV, HIV types 1 and 2 using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and for malaria antigen and Treponema pallidum by using immunochromatographic tests and Rapid Plasma Reagin test (RPR) respectively. All the samples found reactive for HIV, HBsAg, and HCV were again confirmed by second ELISA. Results: The overall seroprevalence was HCV 2.06 % (218/10569) > HBV 1.71% (181/10569) > HIV 0.03% (3/10569). No donor was found positive for Malaria and VDRL. The prevalence of transfusion transmissible diseases in specific socio economic class was as follows-:Upper lower class (IV) 248/2261 (10.96%) > Lower class (V) 34/483 (7.03%) > Lower Middle class (III) 97/5789 (1.67%) > Upper middle class (II) 22/1552 (1.42%) > Upper class (I) 1/484 (0.20%) and seroprevalence of transfusion transmissible diseases in each socio economic class, out of total donations was as follows-: Upper lower class (IV) 248/10569 (2.35%)> Lower middle class (III) 97/10569 (0.92%) >Lower class (V) 34/10569 (0.32%)> upper middle class (II) 22/10569 (0.21) >Upper class (I) 1/10569 (0.009%). Conclusion: Maximum positive TTIs had association with low socio-economic status people with increased medical and behavioral risk factors. Hence, we conclude that awareness among the high risk population group, strict and skillfulness selection of donors and use of effective laboratory screening tests is the prerequisite for the safe donation!!
RESUMEN
Background: Presently, fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy is the preliminary, non-invasive test for diagnosis of suspected lymphadenopathy. Apart from its diagnostic yield, it helps identifying the origin, grading and typing of the metastatic lesions in many cases. Methods: In the present study, data of 369 patients with suspected neoplastic lymphadenopathy presenting to the surgical and medical outpatient department of our institute over a period of 3 years was collected. FNA biopsy was performed on the most prominently visible and palpable lymph node. The use of special stains was performed in selected cases. Results: Of 369 cases studied, cytological diagnosis was offered in 358 cases, while unsatisfactory smears were reported in 11 cases. Of these 358 cases where a cytological diagnosis of either primary or metastatic lymphadenopathy was given, 244 were males and 114 were females. Metastatic tumors in the lymph nodes were reported in 307 cases and lymphoma in 51 cases. The distribution of lymphadenopathy revealed involvement of cervical group in 222 cases, axillary group in 57 cases, supraclavicular in 28 cases & inguinal in 24 cases. The commonest primary tumor, metastasizing to lymph nodes was squamous cell carcinoma (52.44%). Conclusion: In our study, FNA biopsy proved to be a safe and non-expensive technique that provided a high diagnostic accuracy with zero false positive results, confirmed the presence of secondaries where primary tumor was evident and guided the response to medical treatment.