[Study of glycoconjugates terminal sugars during gonadogenesis in rat by lectin histochemical method]

Gonadogenesis is a complex developmental process which is regulated by molecular interactions such as cell surface and extracellular matrix [ECM] Glycoconjugates terminal sugars. The aim of this study was to determine Glycoconjugates terminal sugars expressions and changes during Gonadogenesis in Rat using Lectin histochemical technique. To determine of glycoconjugate terminal sugers by Lectin histochemistry method, thirty Wistar Rat embryos at different stages from days 12 to 16 of gestation were fixed in formalin, embedded in paraffin and cut in to 5microm thickness sections serially. The sections were incubated with different HRP- lectins from Lotus tetragonolobus [LTA], Maclura pomifera[MPA] and Arachis hypogaea or Peanut [PNA], that are specific for terminal sugars L-Fuc [alpha2-4]GlcNAc, Gal[beta1-3]GalNAc and D-Gal[beta1-3]DGalNAc respectively. On the basis of colorimetery data that was determined by blind's method, sections were graded and SPSS statistic soft ware and kruscal Wallis tests were used for comparing different embryonic stages. Our finding showed that LTA did not react with developing gonads at gestational day 12[E12]. LTA reactivity was found in extracellular matrix [ECM] of developing gonads from E14 through E16 [P<0.05] and PGCS as well as surface epithelium at E16 [P<0.05]. Surface epithelium were reacted with MPA from E12 to E14 and increased LTA reactivity at E16 [P<0.05]. ECM was reacted with MPA at E14 and diminished at E16 [P<0.05]. LTA reactivity was found in PGCS at E16. PNA did not react with developing gonads at gestational day 12[E12] but its reaction was started with PGCS from E14 and increased to E16 [P<0.05]. In addition, PNA reactivity was started with ECM and surface epithelium from E14 and increased at E16 significantly [P<0.05]. According to our result, it is concluded that the expression and changes of glycoconjugates with terminal sugars L -Fuc [alpha2-4] GlcNAC, and D-Gal [beta1-3] DGalNAC are regulated developmentally during rat gonadogenesis

[ status of filled consent form of hospitalized patients in Ardabil - Northwest of Iran [2010]]

Patients consent for medical care is a legal requirement. Consent is a document that patient must be necessary aware about all risks of surgery, treatment strategy, Substitution and the risks involved by physician. This study was done to evaluate status of filled consent form of hospitalized patients in Ardabil - Northwest of Iran. This descriptive cross sectional study was done by interview with patients and accompained patients in hospitals of Ardabil - Northwest of Iran during 2010. Patient demographics and other variables gathered by a questionnaire. Data was analyzed by Chi-Square test. 86 [57%] of patients were female and 64 [43%] male. 35 [23%] were illiterate and 92 [61%] under diploma. 45% of patients get information about their illness from doctors. According to patient ideas, 13% of reception personals did not complete consent form. 65 [43.3%] of patients stated that the context of consent form was unreadable and long. Rate of completing form for patients were 87%. 40% of completed forms was not signed by witnesses. The patients and relatives were not satisfied with the form itself, and this observation statistically was significant [P<0.001]. This study showed that validity of completed consent forms are low and it is necessary to design programs for improvement the quality of filling the consent forms

[Assessment of glycoconjugates terminal sugars expression during rat skin morphogenesis]

This study was conducted in order to determine distributions and changes of glycoconjugates terminal sugars during skin morphogenesis. Using lectin histochemistry technique, 10% formalin fixed, paraffin embedded rat embryonic sections for days 12, 14, 16 of gestation [1SN30] were incubated with different HRP-lectins from Lotus tetragonolobus [LTA], Maclura pomifera[MPA] and Arachis hypogaea or Peanut [PNA] that are specific for terminal alpha-L Fuc, Gal[beta1->3] GalANC and D-Gal[beta1->3]DGalNAC respectively. On the basis of colonmetery data that was determined by blind's method, sections were graded. SPSS statistic soft ware and Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric statistical test were used to compare different embryonic stages. Our results demonstrated that the reaction of ectodermal cells with LTA observed from gestational day 12 [E12] was weak. This reaction increased E14 significantly [p=0.0001] and then decreased. Extracellular matrix [ECM] of mesenchyme did not react with LTA lectin. Ectodermal cells as well as ECM of mesenchyme reacted with PNA on El2 was fairly weak. It increased E14 [p=0.009]. From E14 to E16 intensity staining remain the same in ectodermal cells but decreased in ECM mesenchyme [p=0.0001]. Ectodermal cells and ECM of mesenchyme reacted with the MPA lectins from E12 to E16. According to our result, it is suggested that the distributions and changes of glycoconjugates with terminal sugars L-Fuc [alpha2-4] GlcNAC, Gal [[beta 1->3] GalNAC and D-Gal [brta1->3] DGalNAC be stage - regulated during rat skin morphogenesis

[ anatomical variation of extensor indicis muscle: a case report]

The extensor indicis is a narrow, elongated skeletal muscle in the deep layer of the dorsal forearm that originates from the one third of the distal posterior surface of the shaft of ulna below the origin of the extensor pollicis longos and interosseous membrane. It runs through the fourth tendon compartment with the extensor digitorum under the extensor retinaculum. The extensor indicis joins to the ulnar side of the extensor digitorum communis opposite the head of the second metacarpal bone. This muscle allows independent extension of the index finger. In a cadaver dissection we observed two extensor indicis muscles with the same origin but two separate belleis and tendons. One of them was attached to the dorsum of the index finger and another one to the tendon of extensor digitorum muscle and to the index finger via extensor expansion