Effect of obesity on lipolytic activity of adipose tissue in male rats

Obesity has become a major problem in the modern world; it is affected genetically and by lifestyle. Since obesity is associated with multi co-morbidities like dyslipidemia, hypertension, and metabolic syndrome, this work studied the effect of induced obesity on body weight, blood pressure, lipid profile, glycemic state and lipolytic activity of adipose tissue in male rats. Twenty male rats of a body weight ranging from 178 to 200 g were divided equally into two groups, one fed commercial rat chow as a control group [Cgp] and the other fed 10% saturated fat to induce obesity as experimental group [SFgp]. After 3 months the body weight, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, insulin level, and lipid profile of both groups were measured and the lipolytic activity of adipose tissue was assessed by the amount of free glycerol released. Rats fed saturated fat for 3 months showed significant increase in birth weight, systolic blood pressure, TG, Cholesterol, LDL, fasting blood glucose and insulin levels by 55.3%, 15.86% 24%, 7.92%, 19.58% 20.5% and 26.25% respectively with a significant decline in HDL by 12.9%. Lipolytic activity of SC tissue in the presence of adrenaline decreased significantly by 15%, while in the presence of insulin it increased significantly by 33.33%. It showed a significant increase by 18% and 25.84% in the presence of adrenaline and insulin respectively in visceral adipose tissue. A p value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. obesity induced in male rats by high saturated fat diet showed a significant rise in BW and is associated with hypertension, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. The adipose tissue of obese male rats showed a significant decrease in lipolytic activity of SC with a significant rise in the corresponding value in visceral adipose tissue

Effect of insulin resistance on lipolytic activity of adipose tissue in male rats

The excess usage of fructose as a sweetener that we all consume everyday in one way or another has raised the incidence of insulin resistance among the population which is associated with dyslipedemia, hypertension and obesity. This work studied the effect of induced insulin resistance on body weight, blood pressure, lipid profile, glycemic state and lipolytic activity of adipose tissue in male rats. 20 male rats of 129.4 g average body weight were divided equally into two groups. Both had free access to water. The control [Cgp] had pure water, the experimental group [Fgp] had water mixed with 25% of fructose to induce insulin resistance. After 3 months the body weight, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, insulin levels, lipid profile of both groups were measured and lipolytic activity of adipose tissue was assessed by the amount of free glycerol released. Rats given fructose for 3 months showed significant increase in BW, systolic blood pressure, TG, Cholesterol, LDL, fasting blood glucose and insulin levels by 28.7%, 13.9% 23.9%, 3%, 5.61% 115.49% and 232.8% respectively with a significant decline in HDL by 5.98%. Lipolytic activity of SC and visceral adipose tissue in presence of adrenaline increased significantly by 55.25%, and 78.63% respectively, which runs in parallel with the results obtained in presence of insulin as it showed a significant rise in both SC and visceral adipose tissue by 109.3% and 167.12 respectively. data were statistically significant at p<0.05. Insulin resistance induced in male rat by high fructose consumption showed a significant rise in BW and is associated with hypertension and dyslipidemia with significant rise in lipolytic activity of both SC and visceral adipose tissue

Prophylactic measures used for the prevention of postoperative endophthalmitis after cataract surgery. A survey of routine practice in Yemen

This study documents the current practice of perioperative prophylactic methods used for cataract surgery in Yemen. It investigates the routine practice in antibiotic and antiseptic use in preventing postoperative endophthalmitis. This is a non-comparative survey. A telephone interview survey was conducted with 100 ophthalmologists' from different governorates in Yemen in September 2008. A questionnaire was used to ask the ophthalmic surgeons. The practices of 100 ophthalmologists were contacted. Five ophthalmologists did not perform cataract surgery routinely. Of the remaining 95 respondents, all performed extracapsular cataract extraction and 5 also performed phacoemulsification. Preoperative topical antibiotics were routinely prescribed by 12 [12.6%] cataract surgeons. Before the start of the procedure, 21 [22.1%] used 10% povidone-iodine to prepare the skin and 5 [5.3%] instilled 5% povidone-iodine in the conjunctival sac. Intracameral antibiotics or antibiotic in the irrigating fluid were not given by any of the surgeons. All gave subconjunctival antibiotics mostly gentamicin. Postoperatively, 25 [26.3%] used a combination steroid and antibiotic eyedrop and 70 [73.7%] gave a separate eyedrop and 39 [41.1%] gave systemic antibiotics. This study reveals a wide variation of prophylactic measures used by Yemeni ophthalmologists. All surgeons used intraoperative subconjunctival gentamicin and postoperative topical antibiotic. A significant majority [94.7%] are failing to use preoperative conjunctival povidone-iodine, despite its widespread acceptance as the only convincingly proven prophylactic method. The routine practices adopted reflect personal preferences, and were not necessarily evidence-based

Expression of leukocyte adhesion molecular MAC-1 [CD11B/CD18] and L-selectin[CD62L] in patients with chronic renal failure undergoing regular hemodialysis

Mac1 and L-selectin expressed on leukocytes are critical for leukocyte adhesion to inflammed endothelium. Degranulation of polymorphnuclear leukocytes [PMN] during hemodialysis [HD] is usually assessed by measuring degranulation products. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of HD on leukocyte activation and degranulation. Fifteen normal controls and fifteen patients under chronic renal dialysis treatment were studied for Mac 1 and L-selectin expression on granulocytes by flowcytometry. PMN degranulation products; myeloperoxidase[MPO] and lactoferrin[LF] were determined in serum by ELISA method. The results of Mac 1 expression on granulocytes demonstrated a statistical significant increase in post HD compared to both pre HD [P<0.05] and control groups [P<0.05]. A statistical significant increase was also noted between Pre HD and the control group [P<0.05]. Post HD results showed a statistical significant decreased L-selectin granulocyte expression when compared to Pre HD group [P<0.05]. Post HD group showed a statistically significant increase of both MPO and LF when compared to predialysis and control group [P<0.05]. There was also a statistically significant increase in Pre HD group compared to control group in both MPO and LF levels [P<0.05].In post hemodialysis group there was a negative correlation between MAC1 and L-selectin [r=0.41]. Our finding showed that HD might influence the expression of leukocyte adhesion molecules and subsequently degranulation of PMN. Their measurement might be an indicator of PMN disturbed functions

Kinetics of copper desorption from soils as affected by different organic ligands

Desorption of Cu and low molecular weight dissolved organics are the primary factors that impact fate and transport of Cu in soils. To improve predictions of the toxicity and threat from Cu contaminated soil, it is critical that time-de pen dent desorption behavior be understood. In this paper, the effect of organic ligands citrate, malate, and succinate on the kinetics of Cu desorption from contaminated soils varying widely in soil characteristics was investigated at 25°C and the soils used were referred to as clay, calcareous and sandy soils. The amount of Cu released by the used organic ligands varied greatly with physicochemical properties of the soils. The rate of Cu release by different extractants was in the order citric > malic > succinic, which was consistent with the stability constants of Cu complexes with these ligands. The modified Freundlich and the Elovich and Parabolic diffusion models were used to describe dsorption of Cu[+2] from the three studied soils as affected by the organic ligands. All of the models fit the data well with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.83 to 1.00 [P < 0.01]. Each Model has a set of assumptions for the different physical and chemical properties of the systems to which they are being applied. The uses of these equations yield different magnitudes for the calculated variable, but the relation ships between the soil + organic ligands and their effect [i.e., increase or decrease] on these variables are the same. Such information is critical, since Cu is used in a variety of industrial and manufacturing processes and is one of the most common contaminants found at hazardous waste sites

Splenic artery ligation during distal spleno-renal shunt [warren's operation]

Bleeding oesophageal varices as a complication of portal hypertension is the most common cause of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage in Egypt. It is the leading cause of death in patients with schistosomal hepatic fibrosis and portal hypertension. Distal splenorenal shunt Distal splenorenal shunt [DSRS] is a surgical procedure designed to selectively and trans-splenically decompress oesophagogastric varices in patients with portal hypertension while preserving antegrade portal venous flow to the liver. The aim of this work is to study the effect of splenic artery ligation during distal splenorenal shunt [DSRS] on portal and splenic haemodynamics, splenic volume, haematological profile and oesophageal varices. Fifteen consecutive patients with portal hypertension, schistosomal hepatic fibrosis, and bleeding oesophageal varices were classified into 2 groups [A and B]. In group A, the eight patients were subjected to conventional DSRS and in group B the seven patients were subjected to splenic artery ligation during [DSRS]. The effect of DSRS on portal and splenic veins haemodynamics showed a significant decrease in Portal vein diameter [mm] [PVD], Portal vein velocity [cm/sec] [PVV] and Portal vein flow [L/min] [PVF]. Also, there was a significant increase in Splenic vein diameter [mm] [SVD], Splenic vein velocity [cm/sec] [SVV] and Splenic vein flow [L/min] [SVF] after construction of the shunt. Follow up of patients in this study revealed no significant difference between groups A and B as regards endoscopic changes, portal haemodynamics and splenic vein parameters. In group B, splenic venous thrombosis occurred in 2 patients [28.6%] who were treated medically and the shunt was patent lliree months later, while in group A the splenic venous flow was increased postoperatively with no case of shunt thrombosis. Routine comb/nation of splenic artery ligation to DSRS is not advised and it is only recommended in marked hypersplenism

Modulatory effect of gonadal steroids on stress-induced endorphin release in ischemic rabbit heart

Beta-endorphins [BE] were recently detected in the heart. Since the incidence of cardiac disease in premenopausal females is by far less frequent than males and since opioid peptides were found to be affected by sex hormones in the CNS, the aim of this study was to investigate whether they also modulate the BE-response to acute stress in the isolated rabbit hearts subjected to ischemia and reperfusion injury. Stressed rabbits were divided into male and female groups with and without naloxone and castrated males and tamoxifen [estrogen-receptor blocker] pretreated females with and without naloxone. BE was found to have a cardioprotective effect during stress which is sex-related. It has a negative chronotropic and inotropic effect. It prolongs the time until cardiac arrest during ischemia and reduces reperfusion arrhythmia. However, the presence of testosterone has a detrimental effect on the cardiac response to stress, which may be due to inhibition of BE release. In addition, testosterone directly decreases contractility and shortens the duration until cardiac arrest during ischemia. It probably causes coronary vasoconstriction. Estrogen, on the other hand, possess protective properties in ischemic stressed heart and prevents reperfusion arrhythmia independent of BE. The effects of estrogen may be caused by a direct action or by release of opioid peptides, which act via non- mu-receptors

Laparoscopic inguinal herniorrhaphy

Between September 1991 and April 1992, 18 patients were admitted in Ain-Shams University Hospitals for repair of an inguinal hernia. In 16 patients, laparoscopic hernia repair was carried out successfully. The procedure was abandoned in two because of dense adhesions in the pelvis from previous inflammatory disease. Nine of the 16 patients were discharged within 24 hours of operation, while the other 7 were treated as outpatients. All patients returned to their normal employment within 7 days of operation. There were no wound infections, scrotal edema and no evidence of recurrence up to 10 months. It is believed that laparoscopic repair may usher in a new era of hernia management

Does the treatment of Helicobacter pylori reduce the rate of rebleeding in peptic ulcer disease?

This study evaluated whether therapy designed to eradicate Helicobacter pylori infection resulted in reduction of rebleeding in patients with peptic ulcer disease or not. Patients presented because of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage from peptic ulcer and those whose ulcers healed in a study in which they were randomized to receive ranitidine alone or triple therapy plus ranitidine, were followed up regularly with endoscopy. No maintenance anti-ulcer therapy was given after ulcer healing. Patients received ranitidine were followed up regularly with therapy. Triple therapy consisting of tetracycline 2 g, metronidazole 750 mg, and bismuth subsalicylate 5 or 8 tablets [151 mg bismuth per tablet], was administered for the first 2 weeks of treatment. Ranitidine therapy continued until the ulcer healed or 16 weeks elapsed. After ulcer healing, no maintenance antiulcer therapy was given. Development of ulcer recurrence with or without recurrent upper gastrointestinal bleeding was evaluated. Twenty eight patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding from peptic ulcer were studied in Ain-Shams University Hospital, 17 received triple therapy and 11 ranitidine alone. Rebleeding occurred significantly more often in those in the ranitidine group [45%], compared with none [0%] in the triple therapy group. So, eradication of H. pylori infection reduces the rate of ulcer recurrence and rebleeding in complicated ulcer disease

Characterization of bacterial flora in some oil exploration fields of Egypt

Several soil samples were collected from Abou-Rudies and Balayim fields, South Sinai, Egypt, at different intervals and depths during the period 1986-1989. Twenty-two different isolates were prepared and purified. The identification process revealed that the major isolates belong to three genera and six species; namely, Micrococcus halobius, Pseudomonas [including two species, Ps. fluorescens and Ps. pseudomallei], Bacillus [including three species, B. Firmus, B. megaterium and B. pumilus]. Unexpectedly, the genus Bacillus was predominating, since it included ten species, while the genus Pseudomonas or Micrococcus included only six species of each

Choledochoduodenostomy for choledocholithiasis

Choledochoduodenostomy as a method for prevention and treatment of common bile stones has been frequently discussed during the last few years. The introduction of endoscopic sphincterotomy, with excellent results and low morbidity necessitate further evaluation of the indications and the value of this procedure. Thirty [30] patients with a mean age of 56 years have been operated on with choledocholithotomy and subsequent Choledochoduodenostomy. In nineteen [19] of the patients the anastomosis was performed at the primary operation, in eleven [11] at a secondary operation. Ten [10] of the patients had primary bile duct stones, while twenty had multiple stones, either unextractable or with a doubtful clearance. There was no postoperative mortality and only one early complication, a pneumonia. Twenty eight of the 30 patients are free of symptoms postoperatively and have normal liver function tests, and verified open anastomosis. Two patients had recurrent postoperative cholangitis, one due to stricture at the site of anastomosis which was reoperated, and one due to multiple retained stones intrahepatically despite an open anastomosis. In conclusion Choledochoduodenostomy is easy to perform with low morbidity even in old age, high risk patients. It is a safe and effective method in the prevention of retained or recurrent stones

Diagnosis of cervical tuberculous lymphadenitis by combined use of fine needle aspiration and tuberculin skin test

A prospective study to evaluate the efficacy of combined use of fine-needle aspiration [FNA] cytologic examination and mantoux test in diagnosis of cervical tuberculous lymphadenitis was performed. Tuberculin reactions were determined in 20 control subjects. Preoperative FNA cytologic examination and mantoux test were performed on 38 patients with cervical lymphadenopathy. The lymph node were then excised and examined histologically and cultured for mycobacterium. Thirty, 4 and 4 patients has histologically confirmed tuberculous, non specific and malignant lymphadenopathy respectively. Fine needle aspiration cytologic examination alone could detect cervical tuberculous lymphadenitis in 73 patients [75 percent]. The predictive value for strong tuberculin reaction for mycobacterial infection was 100 percent the combined use of a Mantoux test and FNA cytologic examination was able to diagnose 28 [92 percent] of the 30 cases of cervical lymphadenitis preoperatively. Combined use of FNA cytologic examination and Mantoux test was efficient in the diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis

Transhiatal esophagectomy for esophageal carcinoma: a prospective analysis of patients selection

Twenty patients underwent transhiatal esophagectomy [THE] without thoracotomy with gastric interposition for esophageal carcinoma. Resection was considered curative in 5 patients with stage I or II and palliative in 15 patients classified as stage III or IV. Postoperative morbidity was 40 percent. The frequency of complications was significantly higher following palliative surgery. The mortality rate was 5 percent. On the basis of the clinical, diagnostic, surgical, histologic data, rate of recurrence for a follow-up period ranged from 1 to 3 years [mean 18 months], criteria for patients selection for transhiatal esophagectomy are defined. Patients with systemic metastases were excluded from the study. In advanced tumours of the upper thoracic esophagus, involvement of tracheobronchial system may preclude complete removal of the tumour. Sharp dissection is required in these cases, increase the risk of transhiatal esophagectomy. Computed tomographic examination of the mediastinum were done preoperatively. Tumours of upper thoracic esophagus should only be treated by transhiatal esophagectomy if there is no signs of involvement of tracheobronchial system, as proved by computed tomographic examination. Transhiatal esophagectomy is well tolerated even by geriatric patients. Transhiatal esophagectomy is a safe procedure for both curative and palliative resection of esophageal carcinoma, provided that selection of patient is done properly. Radiographic examination, especially computed tomographic scan were more sensitive in detecting tumour recurrence than was the clinical evaluation, this offering the chance for early adjuvant therapy. Tumours stage I and II as well as differentiated tumours showed a significantly lower reassurance rate than tumours of stage III and IV

Comparative study between different schedules for sclerosing oesophageal varices

There were no significant difference between the one-week and the 2-week interval groups with regard to total number of sclerotherapy sessions, total volume of the sclerosant used [5% ethanolamine oleate] or rate of complications, such as pyrexia, stricture ulcer and/or slough formation. Neither early nor recurrent bleeding occurred in any patient in the two groups. Eradication of varices in the 2-week interval group was achieved significantly earlier [P <0.05] than in the one-week interval group

Activity of some intracellular enzymes of three virulent erwinia sp in presence of some heavy metal salts

Based on equal number of cells, supplementation of 10-6 M cadmium highly stimulated the intracellular amylase, GGT, LDH as well as the glucose and urea content of E. carotovora var. carotovora cells. This was coupled with initiation of highly active GOT, CPK as well as accumulation of cholesterol in the cells. Lanthanum was less active and unable to initiate GOT or CPK. Nickel was almost without effect though reduced LDH activity without initiating either enzyme or cholesterol production. Similar stimulations and/or initiations were observed, though to variable extents, when the same concentration of the three elements were supplied to E. carotovora var. citrullis or E. toxica. In the meantime, lanthanum arrested GPT whereas nickel arrested GOT activity of E. toxica. The highest yield of amylase, GPT, GGT or glucose was obtained when E. Carotovora var. Carotovora was supplemented with Cd + Ni. The highest urea level was recorded in Erwinia carotovora var. citrullis, amended with Cd + La

Role of antibiosis in antagonism of streptomyces spp to soft rot bacteria in soil

In pot experiments, young melon seedlings were artificially infected with Erwinia carotovora var. carotovora under various conditions of amendment of Streptomyces venezuelae [S1], S. rubiginosus [S2] and S. recifensis [S3]. The three organisms were equally effective when appplied singly to the soil simultaneously with seed sowing. Their early application [one week before seed sowing] or spraying their broth before infection seemed less effective if not promoting pathogenecity. The mixed Streptomyces species were also potent [with few exceptions] when their spores were early prevailing in the soil before sowing or when their culture filtrates were sprayed on the seedlings before infection. The growth of melon plants drastically reduced the total bacterial count with lesser effect on the mycoflora. This was highly furthered in soils amended with the Streptomyces species on the day of seed sowing. Soil mycoflora was also drasticallt reduced when Streptomyces spores were amended to the soil before or accompanying melon seed sowing

Influence of vanadium salts on growth and antagonistic potentiality of three virulent plant pathogenic bacteria

vanadium, at 10-6 - 5 x 10-5 M, severely attenuated the rate of growth of Erwinia carotovora var. carotovora, Erwinia caroto-vora var. citrullis and Erwinia toxica; the penta-valent [vanadate] ion was more toxic than the tetravalent [vanadyl] form. Vanadate ion abolished the resistance of E. carotovora var. citrullis and Micrococcus luteus toward E. toxica filtrate; the resistance of E. carotovora var. carotovora, E. carotovora var. citrullis, E. toxica, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus lichenoformis and Serratia marcescence toward E. carotovora var. citrullis broth and the resistance of E. toxica, Escherichia coli, E. subtilis and M. luteus against E. carotovora var. carotovora filtrate. Vanadyl ion broke the resistance of Proteus vulgaris, Bacillus cereus, Mycobacterium phlei and M. luteus to E. carotovora var. citrullis and that of E. carotovora var. carotovora, E. coli, B. subtilis, B. lichenoformis and M. phlei to E. carotovora var. carotovora toxins. Both forms of vanadium could break the resistance of E. toxica and E. carotovora var. citrullis to the antibiotics of Streptomyces venezuelae and S. rubiginosus whereas the vanadyl ion was able to do so for E. carotovora var. carotovora. Both forms of vanadium abolished the activity of S. reclfencis against both varieties of E. carotovora

Effect of some processing on the metacercariae of heterophyid parasite in telapia nilotica

Four hundred tilapia fish collected from Zagazig market were examined for presence of heterophyid metacercariae [in winter, spring, summer and autumn, 100 from every season]. The incidence of metacercariae in examined fish samples was 33%, 80%, 50% and 83% in winter, spring, summer and autumn, respectively. The viable metacercariae of the examined samples were subjected to various treatments, such as low temperature [chilling, freezing], incubation at 40C and 50C, grilling and frying to detect the influences of such treatments on the viability of the metacercariae. After experimental infection of albino rats as laboratory animals Heterophyes heterophyes, Heterophyes aequalis, Phagicola longus, Pygidiopsis genata and Prohimstomum vivax were detected as a varying percentages

Occurrence of enterobacteriaceae in some Egyptian meat products

Fifty r and om samples of meat products [25 each of raw minced meat and fresh sausage] were collected from shops at Zagazig City. They were examined bacteriologically to investigate the incidence of coliforms and other members of Enterobacteriaceae group. The mean values of total Enterobacteriaceae and coliform counts for raw minced meat sample, were 1.6 x 10 6 and 10 6 and 10 x 10 4 cfu/g, while in fresh sausage, samples were 1.1 x 10 5 and 1.2 x 10 4 cfu/g respectively. E. coli [type I, typical], E. coli type II, intermediate type I, Citrobacter freundii, K. aerogenes, K. pneumonae, K. ed. var atlanta, K. ozaenae, Enterobacter aerogenes type II, Enterobacter cloacae irregular type II, Enterobacter liquifacium, Proteus vulgaris, Proteus morganii, Proteus, Mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa could be isolated from different samples with varying percentages. The sanitary and economic significance of existing organisms as well as control measures for production of meat products were discussed

Studies on the effect of transportation on the degree of contamination of beef carcasses

One hundred swab specimens from 25 beef carcasses [25 from each fore and hindquarters directly before and after transportation] in addition to 25 swab specimens from vehicles of transport were examined bacteriologically to determine the effect of transportation on the degree of contamination of beef carcasses slaughtered at Zagazig Abattoir. The public health importance of isolated microorganisms as well as suggested hygienic measures to minimize the effect of transportation on the degree of contamination of beef carcasses were discussed