Consenso chileno de diagnóstico y manejo de neoplasias quísticas pancreáticas. Club de páncreas Chile-SCHGE / Chilean consensus on diagnosis and management of pancreatic cystic neoplasms

Pancreatic cystic neoplasms (PCN) are frequently detected on abdominal images performed for non-pancreatic indications. Their prevalence in asymptomatic population ranges from 2.7 to 24.8%, and increases with age. There are several types of pancreatic cysts. Some may contain cancer or have malignant potential, such as mucinous cystic neoplasms, including mucinous cystadenoma (MCN) and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN). In contrast, others are benign, such as serous cystadenoma (SCA). However, even those cysts with malignant potential rarely progress to cancer. Currently, the only treatment for pancreatic cysts is surgery, which is associated with high morbidity and occasional mortality. The Board of the Chilean Pancreas Club of the Chilean Gastroenterology Society developed the first Chilean multidisciplinary consensus for diagnosis, management, and surveillance of PCN. Thirty experts were invited and answered 21 statements with five possible alternatives: 1) fully agree; 2) partially agree; 3) undecided; 4) disagree and 5) strongly disagree. A consensus was adopted when at least 80% of the sum of the answers "fully agree" and "partially agree" was reached. The consensus was approved by the Board of Directors of the Chilean Pancreas Club for publication.

Metástasis pancreática como debut de carcinoma papilar de tiroides: caso clínico y revisión del perfil clínico patológico y molecular / Papillary thyroid carcinoma presenting with pancreatic metastases: report of one case

Pancreatic metastases of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) are exceptional. We report a 80-year-old man consulting for obstructive jaundice and dysphonia. Abdominal ultrasonography showed biliary dilation and abdominal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a pancreatic head mass of 36 mm. A left vocal cord paralysis was confirmed and cervical computed tomography (CT) showed multiple thyroid nodules of up to 35 mm associated with bilateral cervical lymph nodes (LN). Positron emission tomography ( 18 F-FDG PET/CT) evidenced hyper-metabolic activity in bilateral cervical LN, lungs, pancreas and left intercostal soft tissue, as well as left gluteus. Thyroid biopsy reported a tall-cell variant of PTC, and endoscopic ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) of pancreatic mass confirmed PTC metastasis. The molecular study was positive for BRAFV600E. Pancreatic metastasis from PTC can be accurately diagnosed with 18 F-FDG PET/CT and EUS-FNA, which is consistent with a predominant expression of BRAFV600E mutation and, thus, an aggressive presentation with poor short-term survival.

Esofagitis eosinofílica: diagnóstico y manejo / Diagnosis and management of eosinophilic esophagitis

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic, immune-mediated disease, induced by food allergens, clinically characterized by symptoms of esophageal dysfunction. Pathologically there is a predominant eosinophilic inflammation. This disease is relatively new, and its definitions have evolved over time. Its prevalence and incidence are increasing and causes clinical problems both in children and adults. Its symptoms include food impaction, dysphagia, symptoms that resemble gastroesophageal reflux, abdominal pain, and vomiting. It can also have extra-digestive symptoms such as rhinosinusitis, chronic cough, recurrent croup and hoarseness. EoE can be associated with other atopic conditions, such as asthma, eczema and food allergies. The diagnosis is made by the analysis of endoscopic biopsies (> 15 eosinophils per high power field). Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are currently accepted as a treatment for EoE. The clinical and pathological improvement with the use PPIs ceased to be a criterion to define Esophageal eosinophilia responsive to PPIs as a differential diagnosis, since this condition is currently considered within the EoE spectrum. There are three main treatment approaches for EoE: diet, drugs and dilation. Its diagnosis and early treatment are key to avoid or delay its complications, such as stenosis and severe esophageal dysfunction.

Encuesta nacional online aplicada en pacientes con enfermedad celíaca en Chile / A national online survey applied to patients with celiac disease in Chile

Background: Celiac disease (CD) is an immune-mediated enteropathy triggered by the ingestion of gluten in genetically susceptible individuals. Its prevalence in Europe and the USA is 0.5 to 1 percent. Aim: To analyze epidemiological aspects and degree of compliance with gluten-free diet (GFD) among Chilean individuals with CD. Material and Methods: Subjects with confirmed or suspected CD were invited to answer an online survey published on the web at www.fundacionconvivir.cl. The answers were reinforced with a telephone interview. Results: The survey was answered by 1212 subjects (79 percent females). Median age at diagnosis was 25.8 years (range 1 to 84 years), with a bimodal curve with two peaks at less than 3 years and at 20 to 40 years of age. The diagnosis was made only by serologic markers in 9 percent, only by intestinal biopsy in 17.5 percent, and by a combination of both methods in 70 percento. Conditions associated with CD were reported by 30 percent> of subjects and 20 percent> had relatives with CD. The GFD was strictly adhered to by 70 percent>, occasionally by 27 percent> and never by 3 percent>. Seventy five percent of subjects with a strict adherence to GFD had a favorable clinical response compared with 42 percent> of those with incomplete or lack of adherence (odds ratio 4.0, 95 percent> confidence intervals 2.8-5.7p < 0.01). Conclusions: In 30 percent of respondents, the diagnosis of CD was not confirmed according to international guidelines that require serology and duodenal biopsy. One third of subjects recognized a poor compliance with GFD. Those with a strict adherence to it had a more favorable clinical course. However, 25 percent> did not experience a clinical improvement despite a strict GFD, a finding which requires further study.

Infección por Helicobacter pylori en pacientes sintomáticos con patología gastroduodenal benigna: análisis de 5.664 pacientes / Helicobacter pylori infection in symptomatic patients with benign gastroduodenal diseases: analysis of 5.664 cases

Infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is highly prevalent in Chile, but there are no systematic studies in patients with upper gastrointestinal symptoms. Aim: To determine the prevalence of H. pylori infection, according to age, gender and endoscopic pathology in a large sample of patients. Methods: We studied 7,893 symptomatic patients submitted to upper gastrointestinal endoscopy between July 1996 and December 2003 in the context of a screening program of gastric cancer in a high risk population. H. pylori infection was determined by rapid urease test (RUT) in antral mucosa. We excluded 158 patients with gastric cancer (2 percent) and 2,071 patients without RUT. Results: We included 5,664 patients, mean age 50.7 ± 13.9 years, women 72.1 percent. Endoscopic diagnoses were normal in 59.3 percent, erosive esophagitis in 20 percent, gastric ulcer (GU) in 8.1 percent, duodenal ulcer (DU) in 6.4 percent, and erosive gastropathy in 6.2 percent. RUT was positive in 78 percent of patients. After adjusting for age and sex and with respect to patients with normal endoscopy, frequency of H. pylori infection was 86.6 percent in DU (OR 2.1, 95 percent CI 1.5-2.8, p < 0.001); 81.4 percent in GU (OR 1.8, 95 percent CI 1.4-2.4; p < 0.001 ); 79.9 percent in erosive gastropathy (OR 1.4, 95 percent CI 1.03-1.8; p = 0.03) and 77.4 percent in erosive esophagitis (OR 1.1, 95 percent CI: 0.9-1.3; p = NS). The probability of H. pylori infection decreased significantly with age, more markedly in men with normal endoscopy. Conclusions: Prevalence of H. pylori infection is very high in symptomatic Chilean patients and even higher in those with gastroduodenal ulcer or erosions, while in patients with erosive esophagitis is similar to those with normal endoscopy. The frequency of infection decreases with age, probably as a consequence of rising frequency of gastric mucosal atrophy.

Medicina basada en evidencias en hepatología III-B: examen físico en el diagnóstico de ascitis y cirrosis hepática / Evidence based medicine in hepatology III-B: physical examination in the diagnosis of ascites and cirrhosis

El siguiente estudio continúa la serie de publicaciones sobre decisiones clínicas en el diagnóstico, tratamiento y costo-utilidad en Hepatología, usando las herramientas de la Medicina Basada en Evidencia (MBE). En un escenario clínico en que se sospecha la presencia de ascitis, la real utilidad de los hallazgos clínicos no ha sido bien establecida. Usando un modelo de búsqueda basado en una pregunta clínica, tres estudios y un artículo de revisión son identificados. Uno de estos estudios es extensamente analizado, incluyendo criterio de validez interna (gold standard, criterios de selección de pacientes, reproducibilidad de los hallazgos y temporalidad), análisis de resultados y discusión de la aplicabilidad. Cuatro signos clínicos (flancos abultados, matidez en los flancos, matidez desplazable y signo de la ola) fueron examinados de manera independiente por tres gastroenterólogos. Los resultados muestran que, usando la ultrasonografía como gold standard, 21 por ciento de los pacientes tenía ascitis. La sensibilidad y especificidad de las maniobras examinadas fue de 50 por ciento a 94 por ciento, y 29 por ciento a 82 por ciento, respectivamente. La matidez en los flancos fue el más sensible y el signo de la ola el más específico. La metodología del estudio está limitada por el reducido número de pacientes, la falta de adecuados criterios de selección de casos y la ausencia de información acerca la temporalidad de los síntomas. Otros signos presentes en cirrosis son descritos y brevemente analizados, usando MBE. Concluimos que los signos del examen físico son útiles en el diagnóstico de ascitis, siendo la matidez en los flancos y el signo de la ola los más útiles. La ecotomografía se recomienda en casos de duda diagnóstica.

Aneurísmas cerebrales pronóstico de pacientes operados en grado III y IV Hunt & Hess / Cerebral aneurysms prognosis of patients operated in degree III and IV Hunt & Hess

Se presenta la experiencia del Hos`pital Regional de Temuco en el manejo de los aneurísmas operados en grado III y IV de Hunt & Hess en un período de 10 años. De un total de 45 pacientes tratados, 37 fueron mujeres (82.2 porciento), la edad promedio fue 59.6 años, el ingreso a la hospitalización post sangramiento fue de 2.25 día en promedio, 9 pacientes (20 porciento) ingresaron en grado I y II H&H y los 36 restantes en grados 3 o 4. Las ubicaciones más frecuentes del AIC fueron cerebral media 35.6 porciento, comunicante posterior 33.3 porciento, comunicante anterior 17.8 porciento. La evolución preoperatoria fue favorable en 32 casos (71.1 porciento) y en 13 desfavorable (28.9 porciento): aumentaron su H&H y/o se agregaron complicaciones preoperatorias: resangramiento, vasoespasmo,, hidrocefalea, hiponatremía, infecciones, etc. Sólo 12 pacientes (26.7 porciento) se operaron antes de 72 horas post sangramiento. Complicaciones neurológicas: hidrocefalia 24.4 porciento, isquemia cerebral de algún grado 37.8 porciento. Destaca que los pacientes que hicieron aparición o acentuación de déficit isquémico tienen 8.9 vces más probabilidades de mortalidad en los primeros 30 díaspostoperatorios (p=0.000). No existe evidencia suficiente para decir que hay diferencias entre el déficit postoperatorio de pacientes que se intervinieron en <72 horas de aquellos que se intervinieron >72 horas (p=0.514 NS). La mortalidad postoperatoria global a 30 días alcanza 33.3 porciento. La sobrevida a 6 meses llega a un 60 porciento, manteniéndose de igual forma al año postoperatorio.

Pronóstico de pacientes operados en grados I y II de Hunt & Hess: experiencia de 10 años, 1989-1999 servicio de neurología y neurocirugía Hospital Regional de Temuco / Prognostic of patients submitted to grade I and II of Hunt & Hess surgery: 10 years experience, 1989-1999 neurology and neurosurgery at Hospital Regional, Temuco

Se presenta la experiencia del Hospital Regional de Temuco en el manejo de los aneurismas operados en grado 1 y 2 de Hunt & Hess, en un período de 10 años. De un total de 111 pacientes tratados se destaca el ingreso tardío a la hospitalización (2,89 días en promedio), ingreso tardío a pabellón (11,9 días en promedio), aumento del número de casos operados en un 75 por ciento comparando el primer y segundo quinquenios, mortalidad quirúrgica en un 8,1 por ciento y resultados muy buenos a corto plazo en el 80 por ciento de los casos