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Objective@#: The primary objective of this study was to identify predicting factors for local control (LC) of atypical meningioma, and we validated them with comparing the predicting factors for recurrence-free survival (RFS). We also examined the rate of LC after surgical resection with or without adjuvant treatment and RFS. @*Methods@#: Clinical and radiological records of patients with atypical meningiomas diagnosed at two institutes from January 2000 to December 2018 were reviewed retrospectively. Histopathological features were also reviewed using formalin-fixed paraffin embedded samples from pathological archives. @*Results@#: Of the 99 atypical meningiomas eligible for analysis, 36 (36.4%) recurred during the follow-up period (mean, 83.3 months; range, 12–232 months). The rate of 3-year LC and 5-year LC was 80.8% and 74.7%, respectively. The mean time-to-recurrence was 49.4 months (range, 12–150). The mean RFS was 149.3 months (95% confidence interval, 128.8–169.8 months) during the mean follow-up duration of 83.3 months (range, 12–232 months). Multivariate analysis using Cox proportional-hazard regression model showed that the extent of resection (hazard ratio [HR], 4.761; p=0.013), Ki67 index (HR, 8.541; p=0.004), mitotic index (HR, 3.275; p=0.044), and tumor size (HR, 3.228; p=0.041) were independently associated with LC. These factors were also statistically associated with RFS. In terms of radiotherapy after surgical resection, the recurrence was not prevented by immediate radiotherapy because of the strong effect of proliferative index on recurrence. @*Conclusion@#: The present study suggests that the extent of resection, proliferative index (according to Ki67 expression) and mitotic index, and tumor size are associated with recurrence of atypical meningiomas. However, our results should be further validated through prospective and randomized clinical trials to overcome the inborn bias of retrospective nature of the study design.
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Purpose@#Pediatricians have a significant responsibility to educate mothers about the importance of breastfeeding. However, there have been minimal efforts in the courses of resident training in Korea. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the change in knowledge and attitude before and after a 4-week breastfeeding educational intervention among multicenter residents. @*Methods@#Prospective interventional educational research was designed for residents at eight training hospitals in Korea. Institutional reviews were obtained in each hospital. The education curriculum consisted of 14 courses regarding breastfeeding theory and practice. These materials were used to teach pediatric residents for 4 weeks. Knowledge-based tests were administered before the course, and re-tests were administered after the course using different test items of similar levels. Test scores and survey responses were compared before and after the intervention. @*Results@#A total of 73 residents (1st year 20, 2nd year 23, 3rd year 16, and 4th year residents 14) from eight training hospitals completed the intervention. Their average age was 30.3±2.9 years, 17 (23.3%) were male, 22 (30.1%) were married, and eight had more than one child of their own. The mean pre-test score was 61.8±13.4 and the mean post-test score was 78.3±7.5 (P<0.001). The inter-grade difference in the score was significant in the pre-test (P=0.005), but not significant in the post-test (P=0.155). There were more responses of obtaining confidence after the intervention (P<0.001). @*Conclusion@#In our study, pediatric residents showed improvement in their knowledge and confidence level after 4 weeks of the breastfeeding curriculum. This will provide a basis for future policymaking in the training of pediatric residents regarding breastfeeding in Korea.
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Purpose@#Inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) is a potent selective pulmonary vasodilator and an important treatment for newborn infants with hypoxic respiratory failure due to persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN). The Ministry of Food and Drug Safety of Korea first approved iNO in 2009 for use as a new drug to treat hypoxic res piratory failure with PPHN. A post-marketing surveillance study (PMSS) was conducted to assess the effectiveness and safety of the iNO treatment. We evaluated the clinical status of the iNO treatment currently available in Korea by using the PMSS data. @*Methods@#We retrospectively reviewed the PMSS data from 22 hospitals in Korea from October 2014 to September 2018. Altogether, 97 infants were enrolled and divided into early response (ER), delayed response (DR), no response (NR), and death groups according to their response to the iNO treatment. @*Results@#The ER group included 52 infants (53.6%); DR group, 33 (34.0%); NR group, seven (7.2%); and death group, five (5.2%). The iNO treatment was initiated within 14 days after birth at a concentration of 20 ppm. The median treatment duration was 91.5 hours (69.0 to 134.3) in all the infants. Of the infants, 43 (44.3%) received the treatment for >96 hours. Fifty-one infants (52.6%) needed >20 ppm of iNO, and 10 (10.5%) needed a maximum of 80 ppm of iNO. None of the infants had hypermethemoglobinemia or an alarm report of NO2. @*Conclusion@#Korean neonatologists reported that a large proportion of the infants with PPHN showed improvement in oxygenation after treatment with the approved iNO. These infants received relatively longer durations and higher concentrations of the iNO treatment than the current recommendations, without any side and adverse effect.
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Background@#Because there is limited recent information on this topic, this study investigated the seroprevalence of anti-hepatitis A virus (HAV) immunoglobulin G (IgG) in the South Korean population in 2015–2017. @*Methods@#Anti-HAV IgG seroprevalence data were obtained from the laboratory information system of Green Cross Laboratories, one of the largest referral laboratories in South Korea. @*Results@#During the three-year study period, we obtained test results from 240,840 individuals (124,353 men and 116,487 women) from 1,348 hospitals and local clinics throughout South Korea. The median (range) age of subjects was 38.0 (18.0–97.2) years. The annual seroprevalence of anti-HAV IgG was 53.3%, 53.0%, and 53.1% in 2015, 2016, and 2017, respectively. The median age differed among geographic regions and anti-HAV seroprevalence differed among age groups and geographic regions (P1.0, P<0.05). @*Conclusions@#This study provides basic information about the recent seroprevalence of anti-HAV IgG in the Korean population and contributes to identifying groups at high risk of an HAV epidemic.
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Purpose@#Preterm infants are known to be at a risk of neurodevelopmental delay; however, limited data are available on the outcomes of moderate-to-late preterm (MLPT) infants (born at 32 to 36 weeks’ gestation). The Korean Developmental Screening Test (K-DST) for infants and children is a recently designed screening test for Korean infants and children. The current study aimed to evaluate the neurodevelopmental outcomes of MLPT infants and investigate the risk factors associated with neurodevelopmental delay. @*Methods@#A total of 119 MLPT infants admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of a tertiary hospital in Korea were enrolled. The infants were assessed during two follow-up periods (first: 16 to 24 months of corrected age; second: 24 to 41 months of corrected age). The perinatal factors in the NICU that were associated with delayed development were analyzed. @*Results@#In all sections of the K-DST, the proportion of infants with developmental delay was higher in the second period (5.6% to 9.3%) than in the first period (0.9% to 5.4%). A total of 10% to 17% of the infants presented with persistent delay throughout the two periods based on five sections of the K-DST. Male sex, oxygen therapy duration, and younger maternal age were the risk factors affecting at least one section during the second period. @*Conclusion@#MLPT infants showed greater developmental delay than the general infant population. Considering that early intervention is important for good longterm outcomes, close observation of male MLPT infants and MLPT infants who received oxygen therapy is warranted.
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Purpose@#The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of organizational socialization, perceived organizational vision, and attitude toward organizational change on organizational commitment of nurses working in one hospital. @*Methods@#This study was conducted with 441 participants in a hospital in A city, South Korea from Nov. 1 to 30 2017.Data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test, ANOVA, Scheffé test, Pearson Correlation and Multiple Regression with the SPSS/WIN 23.0 program. @*Results@#There were significant correlations among organizational socialization, perceived organizational vision, attitude toward organizational change and organizational commitment. The factors that significantly influenced organizational commitment were organizational socialization (β=.10 p=.015). perceived organizational vision (β=.20, p<.001), and attitude toward organizational change (β=.44, p<.001). These variables explained 50.0% of the variance in organizational commitment. @*Conclusion@#The findings indicates that organizational socialization, perceived organizational vision and attitude toward organizational change affect organizational commitment.
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Purpose@#The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of organizational socialization, perceived organizational vision, and attitude toward organizational change on organizational commitment of nurses working in one hospital. @*Methods@#This study was conducted with 441 participants in a hospital in A city, South Korea from Nov. 1 to 30 2017.Data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test, ANOVA, Scheffé test, Pearson Correlation and Multiple Regression with the SPSS/WIN 23.0 program. @*Results@#There were significant correlations among organizational socialization, perceived organizational vision, attitude toward organizational change and organizational commitment. The factors that significantly influenced organizational commitment were organizational socialization (β=.10 p=.015). perceived organizational vision (β=.20, p<.001), and attitude toward organizational change (β=.44, p<.001). These variables explained 50.0% of the variance in organizational commitment. @*Conclusion@#The findings indicates that organizational socialization, perceived organizational vision and attitude toward organizational change affect organizational commitment.
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Purpose@#Preterm infants are known to be at a risk of neurodevelopmental delay; however, limited data are available on the outcomes of moderate-to-late preterm (MLPT) infants (born at 32 to 36 weeks’ gestation). The Korean Developmental Screening Test (K-DST) for infants and children is a recently designed screening test for Korean infants and children. The current study aimed to evaluate the neurodevelopmental outcomes of MLPT infants and investigate the risk factors associated with neurodevelopmental delay. @*Methods@#A total of 119 MLPT infants admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of a tertiary hospital in Korea were enrolled. The infants were assessed during two follow-up periods (first: 16 to 24 months of corrected age; second: 24 to 41 months of corrected age). The perinatal factors in the NICU that were associated with delayed development were analyzed. @*Results@#In all sections of the K-DST, the proportion of infants with developmental delay was higher in the second period (5.6% to 9.3%) than in the first period (0.9% to 5.4%). A total of 10% to 17% of the infants presented with persistent delay throughout the two periods based on five sections of the K-DST. Male sex, oxygen therapy duration, and younger maternal age were the risk factors affecting at least one section during the second period. @*Conclusion@#MLPT infants showed greater developmental delay than the general infant population. Considering that early intervention is important for good longterm outcomes, close observation of male MLPT infants and MLPT infants who received oxygen therapy is warranted.
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BACKGROUND/AIMS@#Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a self-limiting infectious disease, but 1% of subjects develop fulminant hepatitis. The prevalence of the anti-HAV immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody in hemodialysis subjects in Korea remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to describe and compare the seropositive rate of anti-HAV antibody among hemodialysis subjects in two hospitals according to age group.@*METHODS@#A total of 170 hemodialysis subjects were evaluated for the seropositive rate of the anti-HAV IgG antibody and its titer.@*RESULTS@#Of the 170 maintenance hemodialysis subjects in two hospitals (Kangnam 92 vs. Chuncheon 78), 79 (46.5%) were male. The mean age was 53.2 years old, and 94.1% of the subjects were over 40 years old. The median vintage of hemodialysis was 29.0 months. Anti-HAV antibody was found in 163 subjects (95.9%), with no significant difference between the two areas (Kangnam 97.8% [n = 90] vs. Chuncheon 93.6% [n = 73]). Subjects younger than 40 years old showed a seropositive rate of 50%, while the seropositive rate increased with age for subjects aged 40 or older (p for trend < 0.001). Seropositive subjects from Kangnam showed a higher anti-HAV antibody titer than those from Chuncheon (median: Kangnam 14.2 vs. Chuncheon 11.7). Only age influenced seropositivity. The only factor that influenced the antibody level was the location of hospital (p < 0.001).@*CONCLUSIONS@#The seropositive rate of the anti-HAV antibody in hemodialysis subjects was 95%, which is similar to findings in the general population. Active immunization against hepatitis A is strongly recommended for hemodialysis subjects under 40 years of age after anti-HAV testing.
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OBJECTIVES: This study was aimed to establish the most effective premature ovarian failure (POF) mouse model using Cyclophosphamide (CTX), busulfan (Bu), and cisplatin considering treatment duration of anticancer drugs and natural recovery time. METHODS: POF was induced by intraperitoneally injecting CTX (120 mg/kg)/Bu (12 mg/kg) for 1 to 4 weeks or cisplatin (2 mg/kg) for 3 to 14 days to C57BL/6 female mice aged 6 to 8 weeks. Controls were injected with equal volume of saline for the same periods. Body weight was measured every week, and ovarian and uterine weights were measured after the last injection of anticancer drug. To assess ovarian function, POF-induced mice were superovulated with pregnant mare serum gonadotropin and human chorionic gonadotropin, and then mated with male. After 18 hours, zygotes were retrieved and cultured for 4 days. Finally, the mice were left untreated for a period of times after the final injection of anticancer drug, and the time for natural recovery of ovarian function was evaluated. RESULTS: After 2 weeks of CTX/Bu injection, ovarian and uterine weights, and ovarian function were decreased sharply. Cisplatin treatment for 10 days resulted in a significant decrease in ovarian and uterine weight, and ovarian function. When POF was induced for at least 2 weeks for CTX/Bu and for at least 10 days for cisplatin, ovarian function did not recover naturally for 2 weeks and 1 week, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that CTX/Bu should be treated for at least 2 weeks and cisplatin for at least 10 days to establish the most effective primary ovarian insufficiency mouse model.
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Animales , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Ratones , Peso Corporal , Busulfano , Gonadotropina Coriónica , Cisplatino , Ciclofosfamida , Gonadotropinas , Insuficiencia Ovárica Primaria , Pesos y Medidas , CigotoRESUMEN
PURPOSE: This study was performed to establish the role and to analyze the job of MFICU (Maternal Fetal Intensive Care Unit) nurses using DACUM (Developing a curriculum). METHODS: A DACUM workshop was held to define MFICU nurses' role and identify their duties and tasks. A DACUM committee was consisted of 7 nurses, 2 nursing professors and 1 medical doctor and as a result, a survey was developed which contained duties and tasks of MFICU nurse. Pre-test was carried out for the validity, finally collected the data from 97 nurses who worked at 7 MFICU and 10 delivery room. RESULTS: A total of 60 duties, 115 tasks and 822 elements of tasks were defined on the DACUM chart and survey. The importance, frequency and difficulty of the tasks were presented the determinant coefficient (DC), the highest DC duty was ‘Manage maternal ventilator’ (15.09) and the lowest DC was ‘Provide nursing care for leisure to gestation extension mother’ (6.52). Twenty-eight tasks were differentiated between MFICU and delivery nurses significantly. And the most important, frequently, difficulty task perceived by MFICU nurse was ‘Check fetal heartbeat with electronic fetal heart monitor’. CONCLUSION: The organized educational program and policy was needed to develop for MFICU nurses.
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Embarazo , Cuidados Críticos , Salas de Parto , Educación , Corazón Fetal , Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos , Actividades Recreativas , Enfermería , Atención de EnfermeríaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: This study evaluated echocardiographic changes in full-term healthy neonates during early transitional period from postnatal 0–72 hours at 12-hour intervals by echocardiography. METHODS: This was a prospective, observational, and longitudinal single-center cohort study. Morphometric, functional, systolic, diastolic, and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) parameters (patent ductus arteriosus [PDA], aorta, superior vena cava [SVC], stroke volume [SV], cardiac output [CO], cardiac index [CI], early diastolic flow velocity [E], late diastolic flow velocity [A], early filling in TDI [E′], peak systolic annular velocity in TDI [S′], late velocity peak in TDI [A′], and myocardial performance index [MPI]) were evaluated in left ventricle (LV) and right ventricle (RV) with 56 newborns. RESULTS: Sizes and peak velocities of PDA before postnatal 24 hours were significantly changed than those after postnatal 24 hours. Aortic velocity time integral (VTI), systolic blood pressure (BP), LV SV/kg, LV CO/kg, LV CI, and SVC flow/LV CO before 24 hours showed significantly changes than those after 24 hours. Also, LV and RV MPI before 24 hours were significantly higher than those after 24 hours. LV E/E′ was significantly higher than RV E/E′. CONCLUSION: Postnatal 24 hours is critical time for hemodynamic closure of PDA because aortic VTI, systolic BP, LV SV, LV CO, LV CI, and SVC flow/LV CO showed simultaneously significant changes after 24 hours at the same time as 24 hours of physiological closure of PDA. Chronological and dramatic changes of systolic, diastolic, and TDI parameters during early postnatal period can be used to compile normal baseline data of healthy full-term neonates.
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Humanos , Recién Nacido , Aorta , Presión Sanguínea , Gasto Cardíaco , Estudios de Cohortes , Conducto Arterial , Ecocardiografía , Ventrículos Cardíacos , Hemodinámica , Estudios Prospectivos , Volumen Sistólico , Nacimiento a Término , Vena Cava SuperiorRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Small for gestational age (SGA) is confusingly defined as birth weight (BW) either below 3rd percentile or 10th percentile for infants. This study aimed to compare postnatal catch-up growth between SGA groups according to different definitions. METHODS: Data of 129 infants born with BW below the 10th percentile and admitted to Korea University Anam Hospital and Ansan Hospital were retrospectively reviewed. Height and weight were measured at 6, 12, and 24 months. Results were compared between group A (BW: <3rd percentile) and group B (BW: 3rd–10th percentile). RESULTS: Group A included 66 infants and group B included 63. At age 6 months (n=122), 62.9% of group A and 71.7% (P=0.303) of group B showed catch-up growth in weight. At 6 months (n=69), 55.9% of group A and 80.0% of group B (P<0.05) showed catch-up growth in height. At 12 months (n=106), 58.5% of group A, and 75.5% (P=0.062) of group B showed catch-up growth in weight. At 12 months (n=75), 52.8% of group A and 64.1% of group B (P=0.320) showed catch-up growth in height. Up to age 24 months, 66.7%/80.0% in group A and 63.6%/80.0% in group B showed catch-up growth in weight/height. CONCLUSION: Despite different definitions, there were no significant differences between the two SGA groups in postnatal catch-up growth up to age 24 months, except for height at 6 months. Compared to infants with appropriate catch-up growth, low gestational age and BW were risk factors for failed catch-up growth at 6 months.
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Humanos , Lactante , Peso al Nacer , Edad Gestacional , Corea (Geográfico) , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of usual care management (UCM) and a newly-developed lifestyle modification with contingency management (LMCM) for geriatric depressive symptoms in the community. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial was conducted in 93 older adults with major depressive disorder at community mental health centers. A 12 week multi-domain LMCM was developed by providing positive reinforcement using ‘gold medal stickers’ as a symbolic incentive to motivate their participation and adherence. Participants were allocated to LMCM (n=47) and UCM (n=46) groups. They were then subjected to the 12 week treatment. Effects of the two intervention methods on Geriatric Depression Scale were determined using mixed model analysis. RESULTS: Participants in the LMCM group had greater decline in GDS score per month than participants in the UCM group after adjusting for age, sex, years of education, living alone, and MMSE scores at baseline examination [coefficient for GDS score (95% CI): -1.08 (-1.51, -0.65), p < 0.001, reference: UCM group]. CONCLUSION: LMCM is safe and easy to use with a low cost. LMCM is suitable as psychosocial intervention for older adults with depressive symptoms in the community.
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Adulto , Anciano , Humanos , Centros Comunitarios de Salud Mental , Depresión , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor , Educación , Estilo de Vida , Motivación , Numismática , Refuerzo en PsicologíaRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To develop Korean Menstrual Symptom Scale (KMSS) for university students and test its reliability and validity. METHODS: The scale was developed by intensive literature review, development of preliminary items, verification of content validity, development of secondary items, verification of construct validity, and extraction of final items. Thirty-nine items were constructed. Data for validity and reliability testing were collected with a questionnaire survey from 391 university students. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, factor analysis, and reliability coefficients (Cronbach's α) with the SPSS program. RESULTS: There were 37 final items which were sorted into six factors: ‘negative affection (8 items)’, ‘change of activity level (7 items)’, ‘physical symptom (9 items)’, ‘mood change (9 items)’, ‘change in concentration level (4 items)’, and ‘body water retention (5 items)’. The cumulative percent of variance was 63.3%. Regarding the reliability of the scale, its Cronbach's α was 0.96. Cronbach's α values for these factors ranged from 0.75 to 0.91. CONCLUSION: The KMSS demonstrated acceptable validity and reliability. Repeated research is needed to measure menstrual symptom experienced by women of variable ages.
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Femenino , Humanos , Adulto Joven , Análisis Factorial , Menstruación , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , AguaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: IgG-mediated anaphylaxis occurs after infusion of certain monoclonal antibody-based therapeutics. New in vitro tests are urgently needed to diagnose such reactions. We investigated whether allergens trigger neutrophil oxidative burst (OB) and if neutrophil OB occurs due to allergen-specific IgG (sIgG). METHODS: Neutrophil OB was measured by dihydrorhodamine 123 flow cytometry using a leukocyte suspension spiked with a very small patch of the allergen crude extract, Dermatophagoides farinae (Der f). The mean fluorescence intensity ratio of stimulated to unstimulated samples was calculated as the neutrophil oxidative index (NOI). RESULTS: The Der f-specific NOI (Der f-sNOI) showed a time-dependent increase after Der f extract addition. At 15 min activation, higher Der f-sIgG levels were associated with lower Der f-sNOI values in 31 subjects (P < 0.05). This inverse relationship occurs due to the initial blocking effect of free Der f-sIgG. Additionally, neutrophil OB was nearly absent (Der f-sNOI of −1) in two cases: a subject with undetectable Der f-sIgG levels and washed leukocyte suspensions deprived of Der f-sIgG. CONCLUSION: Allergens can trigger neutrophil OB via preexisting allergen-sIgG. Neutrophil OB can be easily measured in a leukocyte suspension spiked with the allergen. This assay can be used to diagnose IgG-mediated anaphylaxis.
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Alérgenos , Anafilaxia , Dermatophagoides farinae , Citometría de Flujo , Fluorescencia , Inmunoglobulina G , Técnicas In Vitro , Leucocitos , Neutrófilos , Estallido Respiratorio , SuspensionesRESUMEN
BACKGROUND/AIMS: In multicenter clinical trials, laboratory tests are performed in the laboratory of each center, mostly using different measuring methodologies. The purpose of this study was to evaluate coefficients of variation (CVs) of laboratory results produced by various measuring methods and to determine whether mathematical data adjustment could achieve harmonization between the methods. METHODS: We chose 10 clinical laboratories, including Green Cross Laboratories (GC Labs), the central laboratory, for the measurement of total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), serum triglycerides, creatinine, and glucose. The serum panels made with patient samples referred to GC Labs were sent to the other laboratories. Twenty serum samples for each analyte were prepared, sent frozen, and analyzed by each participating laboratory. RESULTS: All methods used by participating laboratories for the six analytes had traceability by reference materials and methods. When the results from the nine laboratories were compared with those from GC Labs, the mean CVs for total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, and glucose analyzed using the same method were 1.7%, 3.7%, 4.3%, and 1.7%, respectively; and those for triglycerides and creatinine analyzed using two different methods were 4.5% and 4.48%, respectively. After adjusting data using Deming regression, the mean CV were 0.7%, 1.4%, 1.8%, 1.4%, 1.6%, and 0.8% for total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, triglyceride, creatinine, and glucose, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: We found that more comparable results can be produced by laboratory data harmonization using commutable samples. Therefore, harmonization efforts should be undertaken in multicenter trials for accurate data analysis (CRIS number; KCT0001235).
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Humanos , Colesterol , HDL-Colesterol , LDL-Colesterol , Creatinina , Glucosa , Métodos , Estudios Multicéntricos como Asunto , Proyectos de Investigación , Estadística como Asunto , TriglicéridosRESUMEN
PURPOSE: This study aimed to describe the pattern of injuries and illnesses among Korean athletes during the Almaty Winter Universiade 2017. METHODS: All medical staffs of Korean team recorded the daily occurrence of injuries and illnesses sustained during the Almaty Winter Universiade Games by using a standardized online form via kociss.com. The design of this study was a prospective study. RESULTS: In total, 98 athletes (68 men and 30 women) in 11 sports events from Korean Sport Olympic Committee participated in this study. Korean medical staffs reported 40 injuries (40.8%) and 26 illnesses (26.5%), equaling incidences of 6.3 injuries and 4.1 illnesses per 100 athletes. Men suffered more injury and illness than women (44.1% vs. 33.3%). The rate of Injury and illness in training was higher than the competition (13.3 vs. 2.0 athlete exposures). The risk of an athlete being injured was the highest in freestyle skiing, followed by snowboard and speed skating. Overall, the main common type and location of injury was the joint or ligaments sprain (13.3%) and knee (7.1%). The rate of main illness was 17.3% of the respiratory system with the main symptom of pain and the main cause of environment (22.4%). CONCLUSION: Injuries and illnesses occurred 40.8% and 26.5% during this winter game, and were higher during training than a competition. Based on the epidemiologic data of this study, it could provide the source for the injury prevention and improving the performance of the athlete and further develop scientific injury and illness surveillance systems.
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Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Atletas , Traumatismos en Atletas , Epidemiología , Incidencia , Articulaciones , Rodilla , Ligamentos , Cuerpo Médico , Estudios Prospectivos , Sistema Respiratorio , Patinación , Esquí , Deportes , Esguinces y DistensionesRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Although procalcitonin (PCT) level is useful for the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis, PCT reliability is inconsistent because of the varied conditions encountered in neonatal intensive care units. This study aimed to investigate PCT levels and factors influencing increased PCT levelin newborns without bacterial infection during the first week of life. METHODS: In newborns hospitalized between March 2013 and October 2015, PCT levels were measured on the first, third, and seventh days after birth. Newborns with proven bacterial (blood culture positive for bacteria) or suspicious infection (presence of C-reactive protein expression or leukocytosis/leukopenia) were excluded. Various neonatal conditions were analyzed to identify the factors influencing increased PCT level. RESULTS: Among 292 newborns with a gestational age of 35.2±3.0 weeks and a birth weight of 2,428±643 g, preterm newborns (n=212) had higher PCT levels than term newborns (n=80). Of the newborns, 7.9% had increased PCT level (23 of 292) on the firstday; 28.3% (81 of 286), on the third day; and 3.3% (7 of 121), on the seventh day after birth. The increased PCT level was significantly associated with prenatal disuse of antibiotics (P=0.004) and surfactant administration (P<0.001) on the first day after birth, postnatal use of antibiotics (P=0.001) and ventilator application (P=0.001) on the third day after birth, and very low birth weight (P=0.042) on the seventh day after birth. CONCLUSION: In newborns without bacterial infection, increased PCT level was significantly associated with lower gestational age and respiratory difficulty during the first week of life. Further studies are needed for clinical applications.
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Humanos , Recién Nacido , Antibacterianos , Infecciones Bacterianas , Peso al Nacer , Proteína C-Reactiva , Diagnóstico , Disnea , Edad Gestacional , Recién Nacido de muy Bajo Peso , Unidades de Cuidado Intensivo Neonatal , Parto , Nacimiento Prematuro , Sepsis , Ventiladores MecánicosRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Although procalcitonin (PCT) level is useful for the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis, PCT reliability is inconsistent because of the varied conditions encountered in neonatal intensive care units. This study aimed to investigate PCT levels and factors influencing increased PCT levelin newborns without bacterial infection during the first week of life. METHODS: In newborns hospitalized between March 2013 and October 2015, PCT levels were measured on the first, third, and seventh days after birth. Newborns with proven bacterial (blood culture positive for bacteria) or suspicious infection (presence of C-reactive protein expression or leukocytosis/leukopenia) were excluded. Various neonatal conditions were analyzed to identify the factors influencing increased PCT level. RESULTS: Among 292 newborns with a gestational age of 35.2±3.0 weeks and a birth weight of 2,428±643 g, preterm newborns (n=212) had higher PCT levels than term newborns (n=80). Of the newborns, 7.9% had increased PCT level (23 of 292) on the firstday; 28.3% (81 of 286), on the third day; and 3.3% (7 of 121), on the seventh day after birth. The increased PCT level was significantly associated with prenatal disuse of antibiotics (P=0.004) and surfactant administration (P<0.001) on the first day after birth, postnatal use of antibiotics (P=0.001) and ventilator application (P=0.001) on the third day after birth, and very low birth weight (P=0.042) on the seventh day after birth. CONCLUSION: In newborns without bacterial infection, increased PCT level was significantly associated with lower gestational age and respiratory difficulty during the first week of life. Further studies are needed for clinical applications.