Abnormal Findings of the Ultrasonography for Elbow and Forearm

Ultrasonography (US) of the elbow is an increasingly utilized modality for a variety of diagnoses. In this brief review, US findings for the pathologic conditions of forearm and elbow are described. The most common pathologies discussed here include distal biceps tendon and triceps tendon lesions, medial and lateral epicondylopathies, ulnar collateral ligament tears, ulnar nerve subluxation, joint effusions, and intra-articular bodies.

Abnormal Findings of the Ultrasonography for Elbow and Forearm

Ultrasonography (US) of the elbow is an increasingly utilized modality for a variety of diagnoses. In this brief review, US findings for the pathologic conditions of forearm and elbow are described. The most common pathologies discussed here include distal biceps tendon and triceps tendon lesions, medial and lateral epicondylopathies, ulnar collateral ligament tears, ulnar nerve subluxation, joint effusions, and intra-articular bodies.

Analysis of the Relationship between Athletes’ Attitudes toward Doping, Sport Orientation, and Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport among Collegiate Athletes / 대한스포츠의학회지

Purpose@#This study aimed to identify the relationship between the attitudes toward doping, sport orientation, and perceived motivational climate in sport, and to provide useful information on the anti-doping strategy. @*Methods@#A total of 567 athletes in 21 sports completed four questionnaires Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale (PEAS), Sport Orientation Questionnaire (SOQ; competitiveness orientation, win orientation, goal orientation), Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ; task orientation, ego orientation), and Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire-2 (PMCSQ-2; ego-involving and task-involving climates). They were divided into four categories: speed/power (n=201), endurance (n=154), motor skill (n=119), and team (n=93). We identified the difference of variables among four categories and verified possible factors significantly associated with attitudes toward doping. @*Results@#The PEAS of athletes in both speed/power sports and Team sports was higher than motor skill sports, and the team sports athletes also showed higher PEAS than endurance sports athletes. In speed/power sports, the task of TEOSQ and the win of SOQ were related to PEAS, and in endurance sports, the task of TEOSQ and the ego-involving of PMCSQ were related to PEAS. In motor skill sports and Team sports, the task-involving of PMCSQ and the goal of SOQ were associated with PEAS, respectively. @*Conclusion@#The results of this study provided new insights into the psychosocial mechanisms of attitudes toward doping, and it would contribute significantly to effective anti-doping strategies based on sports characteristics.

Analysis of the Relationship between Athletes’ Attitudes toward Doping, Sport Orientation, and Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport among Collegiate Athletes / 대한스포츠의학회지

Purpose@#This study aimed to identify the relationship between the attitudes toward doping, sport orientation, and perceived motivational climate in sport, and to provide useful information on the anti-doping strategy. @*Methods@#A total of 567 athletes in 21 sports completed four questionnaires Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale (PEAS), Sport Orientation Questionnaire (SOQ; competitiveness orientation, win orientation, goal orientation), Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ; task orientation, ego orientation), and Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire-2 (PMCSQ-2; ego-involving and task-involving climates). They were divided into four categories: speed/power (n=201), endurance (n=154), motor skill (n=119), and team (n=93). We identified the difference of variables among four categories and verified possible factors significantly associated with attitudes toward doping. @*Results@#The PEAS of athletes in both speed/power sports and Team sports was higher than motor skill sports, and the team sports athletes also showed higher PEAS than endurance sports athletes. In speed/power sports, the task of TEOSQ and the win of SOQ were related to PEAS, and in endurance sports, the task of TEOSQ and the ego-involving of PMCSQ were related to PEAS. In motor skill sports and Team sports, the task-involving of PMCSQ and the goal of SOQ were associated with PEAS, respectively. @*Conclusion@#The results of this study provided new insights into the psychosocial mechanisms of attitudes toward doping, and it would contribute significantly to effective anti-doping strategies based on sports characteristics.

Longitudinal Panel Study of Sports Injuries in University Elite Athletes / 대한스포츠의학회지

PURPOSE: The first aim of this study was to retrospectively survey sports injuries among 608 athletes participating in 26 sport events. The second aim was to compare the characteristics of sports injuries depending on the occurrences during the high school and university periods.METHODS: The data were collected based on the daily injury report form proposed by the International Olympic Committee from March to June 2019.RESULTS: Four hundred and thirty-nine athletes (313 men) of 608 participated athletes experienced a total of 747 sports injuries, indicating 0.7 injuries per 1,000 athlete exposures (AEs). The incidence rate during the university period was 6.1 injuries/1,000 AEs, which was approximately two-fold higher than that during the high school period (2.8 injuries/1,000 AEs). The reported frequency of injuries was the highest among long distance athletics (n=60, 8.0%), and in each subgroup as well.CONCLUSION: Many more injuries were incurred during practice wherein injuries in long-distance athletics were the most common than in competition athletics; handball injuries and taekwondo injuries were the most common during high school and university, respectively. The most contact injuries occurred in taekwondo and most noncontact injuries occurred in gymnastics during high school and in badminton during university. The most commonly affected body parts were the knee, shoulder, and ankle. Severe injuries were the most frequent in long distance athletics, and emergent situations were the most common in taekwondo.

Effects of Lower Trapezius Strengthening Exercise on Shoulder Pain, Function and Archery Performance in Elite Archers / 대한스포츠의학회지

Purpose@#The primary aim of this study was to examine the effects of 8-week lower trapezius strengthening exercise (LTSE) on shoulder pain, function and archery performance. The secondary aim was to identify main factors that have something to do with injury prevention and performance enhancement for elite archers. @*Methods@#Thirty-one elite archers were recruited and evenly assigned into the LTSE group (n=16) and into the control group (n=15) based on gender and athletes’ career. Shoulder pain was evaluated using Numeric pain rating scale (NPRS). Shoulder function was assessed using the Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index (WOSI), upper quarter Y balance test (UQYBT), Trapezius and Deltoid muscle activity ratios by surface electromyography and the angle of scapula elevation/abduction by 3-dimentional motion analyses. Archery performance was estimated using draw force line (DFL) angle at full bowstring draw position and the scores acquired from real archery shooting. After the baseline measurements, the 8-week LTSEs were implemented and the post-exercise measurements were conducted. @*Results@#In the LTSE group, NPRS score and WOSI score significantly decreased after exercise program. The activity ratio of upper to lower trapezius muscle, scapula elevation angle and the DFL angle were also significantly reduced. The UQYBT scores significantly increased on both shoulders. @*Conclusion@#Eight weeks of LTSE has reduced shoulder pain in archers and improved shoulder function and performance factors.

Effect of a Specific Rehabilitation Program of Serratus Anterior and Lower Trapezius Muscles for Subacromial Impingement Syndrome on Subacromial Space and the Vascularity of Supraspinatus Tendon / 대한스포츠의학회지

PURPOSE: This study was designed to assess the effects of a rehabilitation program on clinical symptoms, subacromial space parameters and the supraspinatus vascularity in individuals with subacromial impingement syndrome (SIS). METHODS: Thirty-five participants (exercise group with SIS [EG]=11, non-exercise group with SIS [NEG]=10, control group [CG]=14) took part in this study. Only EG participated in 6-week rehabilitation program. Outcomes were evaluated at baseline, 6 weeks, and 10 weeks. Changes in symptoms and functional limitations were assessed using Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI) questionnaire. Changes in acromiohumeral distance (AHD) and supraspinatus tendon thickness (STT)/AHD were assessed using ultrasonographic measures. Quantitative analysis of tendon blood flow was performed by determining four regions of interest with power Doppler quantification and analysis software to normalize data for interpretation of the mean ratio of colored pixel to the region of interest (vascularization index [VI]) and the intensity per pixel (flow index [FI]). RESULTS: Following the rehabilitation program, the scores on SPADI were significantly improved (p < 0.05). However, AHD, STT/AHD, VI, and FI indicated no significant difference within groups or interactions of time and group in between groups. CONCLUSION: The rehabilitation program yielded improvements in symptoms, but not in subacromial parameters and the vascularity of supraspinatus in participants with SIS.

Hypokalemia-Induced Rhabdomyolysis by Primary Aldosteronism Coexistent With Sporadic Inclusion Body Myositis

We describes a patient with hypokalemia-induced rhabdomyolysis due to primary aldosteronism (PA), who suffered from slowly progressive muscle weakness after laparoscopic adrenalectomy, and was later diagnosed with coexisting sporadic inclusion body myositis (sIBM). A 54-year-old Asian male presented with severe muscle weakness of both lower extremities. Laboratory findings showed profound hypokalemia, and extreme elevation of the serum creatine phosphokinase levels, suggestive of hypokalemia-induced rhabdomyolysis. Further evaluation strongly suggested PA by an aldosterone-producing adenoma, which was successfully removed surgically. However, muscle weakness slowly progressed one year after the operation and a muscle biopsy demonstrated findings consistent with sIBM. This case is the first report of hypokalemia-induced rhabdomyolysis by PA coexistent with sIBM, to the best of our knowledge.