Postoperative surveillance in neurosurgical patients - usefulness of neurological assessment scores and bispectral index / Monitoramento de pacientes neurocirúrgicos no pós-operatório - utilidade dos escores de avaliação neurológica e do índice bispectral

Abstract Background and objectives: We examined the additive effect of the Ramsay scale, Canadian Neurological Scale (CNS), Nursing Delirium Screening Scale (Nu-DESC), and Bispectral Index (BIS) to see whether along with the assessment of pupils and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) it improved early detection of postoperative neurological complications. Methods: We designed a prospective observational study of two elective neurosurgery groups of patients: craniotomies (CG) and non-craniotomies (NCG). We analyze the concordance and the odds ratio (OR) of altered neurological scales and BIS in the Post-Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU) for postoperative neurological complications. We compared the isolated assessment of pupils and GCS (pupils-GCS) with all the neurologic assessment scales and BIS (scales-BIS). Results: In the CG (n = 70), 16 patients (22.9%) had neurological complications in PACU. The scales-BIS registered more alterations than the pupils-GCS (31.4% vs. 20%; p < 0.001), were more sensitive (94% vs. 50%) and allowed a more precise estimate for neurological complications in PACU (p = 0.002; OR = 7.15, 95% CI = 2.1-24.7 vs. p = 0.002; OR = 9.5, 95% CI = 2.3-39.4). In the NCG (n = 46), there were no neurological complications in PACU. The scales-BIS showed alterations in 18 cases (39.1%) versus 1 (2.2%) with the pupils-GCS (p < 0.001). Altered CNS on PACU admission increased the risk of neurological complications in the ward (p = 0.048; OR = 7.28, 95% CI = 1.021-52.006). Conclusions: Applied together, the assessment of pupils, GCS, Ramsay scale, CNS, Nu-DESC and BIS improved early detection of postoperative neurological complications in PACU after elective craniotomies.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivos: Avaliamos o efeito aditivo da escala de Ramsay, Escala Neurológica Canadense (CNS), Escala da Enfermagem de Triagem de Delírio (Nu-DESC) e Índice Bispectral (BIS) para observar se, juntamente com a avaliação das pupilas e da Escala de Coma de Glasgow (GCS), melhorava a detecção precoce de complicações neurológicas no pós-operatório. Métodos: Projetamos um estudo observacional, prospectivo, de dois grupos de pacientes submetidos à neurocirurgia eletiva: craniotomia (Grupo C) e não craniotomia (Grupo NC). Analisamos a concordância e a razão de chance (OR) de alterações nas escalas neurológicas e no BIS na sala de recuperação pós-anestesia (SRPA) para complicações neurológicas no pós-operatório. Comparamos a avaliação isolada das pupilas e da GCS (pupilas-GCS) com todas as escalas de avaliação neurológica e o BIS (escalas-BIS). Resultados: No Grupo C (n = 70), 16 pacientes (22,9%) apresentaram complicações neurológicas na SRPA. As escalas-BIS registraram mais alterações do que as pupilas-GCS (31,4% vs. 20%; p < 0,001), foram mais sensíveis (94% vs. 50%) e permitiram uma estimativa mais precisa das complicações neurológicas na SRPA (p = 0,002; OR = 7,15, IC 95% = 2,1-24.7 vs. p = 0,002; OR = 9,5, IC 95% = 2,3-39,4). No grupo NC (n = 46) não houve complicações neurológicas na SRPA. As escalas-BIS mostraram alterações em 18 casos (39,1%) versus um caso (2,2%) com as pupilas-GCS (p < 0,001). Alteração na CNS na admissão à SRPA aumentou o risco de complicações neurológicas na enfermaria (p = 0,048; OR = 7,28, IC 95% = 1,021-52,006). Conclusões: Aplicados em conjunto, avaliação das pupilas, GCS, escala de Ramsay, CNS, Nu-DESC e BIS melhoraram a detecção precoce de complicações neurológicas no pós-operatório na SRPA após craniotomias eletivas.

Anestesia para Neurocirugía Mínimamente Invasiva / Anesthesia for minimally invasive neurosurgery

Introduction: Advances in imaging, computing and optics have encouraged the application of minimally invasive surgical approach to a variety of neurosurgical procedures. The advantages include accurate localization of lesions usually inaccessible to conventional surgery, less trauma to healthy brain, blood vessels and nerves, shorter operating time, reduced blood loss, and early recovery and discharge. Nevertheless minimally invasive neurosurgical (MIN) procedures still have potential intra-and post-operative complications that can cause morbidity and mortality. Objectives: The aim of this study was to review and analyze published literature describing experiences in the anesthetic management of the most commonly performed MIN procedures. Materials and methods: Neurosurgical and neuroanesthesia literature (1990-2013) was reviewed and description of anesthetic technique/management and perioperative morbidity/mortality was reported. We also compared the different authors' experience with MIN procedures. Results: The neurosurgical literature dealing with MIN has expanded, but there are few references in relation to anesthetic management. Anesthesia goals remain the same: careful pre-operative assessment and planning, and meticulous cerebral hemodynamic control to ensure adequate cerebral perfusion pressure. The degree of postoperative care depends on local practice, patient factors and postoperative brain imaging.

Introducción: Los avances en la formación de imágenes, la computación y la óptica han alentado la aplicación del enfoque quirúrgico mínimamente invasivo a una variedad de procedimientos neuroquirúrgicos. Las ventajas incluyen la localización exacta de las lesiones generalmente inaccesibles a la cirugía convencional, menos trauma al cerebro sano, vasos sanguíneos y nervios, más corto el tiempo de funcionamiento, la reducción de la pérdida de sangre, la recuperación temprana y el alta. Sin embargo los procedimientos neuroquirúrgicos mínimamente invasivos (NMI) todavía tienen potencial complicaciones intra y post-operatorias que pueden causar morbilidad y mortalidad. Objetivos: El objetivo de este estudio fue revisar y analizar la literatura publicada que describe las experiencias en el manejo anestésico de los procedimientos más comúnmente realizados en NMI. Materiales y métodos: Literatura sobre neurocirugía y neuroanestesia (1990-2013). Revisión y descripción de la técnica anestésica/gestión y morbilidad perioperatoria/mortalidad notificada. Comparación de la experiencia de los diferentes autores en procedimientos de NMI. Resultados: La literatura sobre NMI se ha expandido, pero hay pocas referencias en relación con el manejo anestésico. Las metas anestésicas siguen siendo las mismas: la evaluación preoperatoria cuidadosa y la planificación, el meticuloso control de hemodinámica cerebral para asegurar la presión de perfusión cerebral adecuada. El grado de cuidado postoperatorio depende de la práctica local, factores del paciente y de imagen cerebral postoperatoria.