General population's awareness of commercially available dental products

The aim of this survey was to assess the knowledge of general population regarding commercially available dental products. Study Design: Cross-sectional survey. Three different undergraduate institutes of Islamabad from April to June 2014. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed and filled by 70 participants of ages 15-30 years. The sample of students was selected from three undergraduate institutes of Islamabad. In Section A, about 20 [28.6%] participants were using only toothpaste to maintain their oral hygiene. One [1.4%] participant was using only dental floss. About 48 [68.6%] people were using fluoridated toothpaste. About 44 [62.9%] participants were using medium bristle toothbrush. In Section B, 19 [27.1%] participants were using teeth whitening agents, out of which 17 [24.3%] participants were using toothpaste to whiten their teeth. Fifteen [21.43%] participants got their required results. Sixteen [22.87%] participants found no side effects after using it. In section C, 27 [38.57%] and 54 [77.114%] participants only went to dentist when they had the toothache and gingivitis respectively. Forty-five [64.29%] participants completed their antibiotic course. Twenty-one [30%] participants thought that it was alright to use medicated products without consulting doctor. Most of the people are using fluoridated toothpaste and medium bristle toothbrush. Many people use over the counter teeth whitening agents. And many people use over the counter antibiotics for dental problems and they think it is alright if they do not complete antibiotic course

Presentation of acute central retinal vein occlusion in scleroderma

Central retinal vein occlusion [CRVO] is a rare complication of scleroderma. Here we report a case of a 30-year-old man who was diagnosed to have scleroderma in the rheumatology and dermatology clinic. During treatment with systemic steroids and immunosuppressive therapy the patient developed a sudden decrease of vision in the right eye and was diagnosed to have right CRVO with macular edema on fundus examination. After three consecutive Intravitreal bevacizumab [IVB] injections for macular edema, best-corrected visual acuity [BCVA] improved from 20/80 to 20/25. All ocular and systemic causes of CRVO other than scleroderma were excluded in our patient by thorough clinical examination and investigations, suggesting that scleroderma was the most possible etiology in his condition

Behcet's disease presenting as intracranial hypertension due to cerebral venous thrombosis

The non-parenchymal central nervous system's [CNS] involvement in Behcet's disease [BD] is considered rare. We herein report a case of BD complicated by intracranial hypertension [ICH] due to cerebral venous thrombosis [CVT] in a 25-year-old Saudi male. Our patient presented with a four-week history of increasingly severe headache, nausea and diplopia, which were preceded by previous recurrent intermittent oral and genital ulcers, history suggestive of acneiform lesions and arthralgia over the past two years. Ophthalmic examination disclosed normal visual acuity [20/20] in both eyes with bilateral 6th nerve palsy and papilledema. Both eyes showed no signs of anterior or posterior segment inflammation. Oral and genital ulcers were found on physical examination with no other lesions. Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] and magnetic resonance venography [MRV] of the brain showed lack of flow in the right transverse and sigmoid dural sinuses suggestive of venous thrombosis. On lumbar puncture, the opening pressure was greatly raised. After a comprehensive screening for prothrombotic conditions, a diagnosis of BD with ICH due to CVT was made. The patient was then treated by oral prednisolone, azathioprine, colchicine, cyclosporine, as well as anticoagulation, which resulted in significant clinical improvement

Aetiological factors of chronic liverdisease in children

Background: Chronicity of liver disease is determined either by duration of liver disease or by evidence of either severe liver disease or physical stigmata of chronic liver disease. Chronic liver disease may be caused commonly by persistent viral infections, metabolic diseases, drugs, autoimmune hepatitis, or unknown factors. The objective of this study was to find out the aetiology of chronic liver disease [CLD] in children. Methodology: It was a descriptive, prospective study which used a structured proforma designed to collect data of cases of CLD from both indoor and outdoor Paediatrics units of Fauji Foundation Hospital, Rawalpindi, and Children Hospital, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad. All children under 12 years having either clinical or biochemical evidence of liver disease and/or elevated liver enzymes for more than 3 months were included in this study. Results: Sixty cases of CLD were enrolled from indoor and outdoor units from January 2010 to July 2011. Thirty-nine [65%] cases were male and 21 [35%] were female. Eleven children were less than 1 year, 18 were 1–5 years old and 31 were 5–12 years of age. Viral hepatitis was the most common cause found in 22 [36.7%] cases. Out of these 22 patients with viral aetiology 19 [31.66%] patients had Hepatitis C and 3 [5%] had Hepatitis B. Glycogen storage disease was seen in 8.3% cases, and biliary atresia and Wilson disease in 6.7% each. Other less commonly found cases were autoimmune hepatitis, TORCH infections, hepatoma and drug induced hepatitis [1.7% each]. Cause couldn't be established in 35% cases which remained idiopathic. Conclusion: Viral hepatitis is the leading cause of chronic liver disease in children, with the highest incidence of chronic Hepatitis C followed by metabolic disorders [glycogen storage disease and Wilson disease] and biliary atresia. Chronic viral hepatitis was most prevalent between 11 months to 12 years of age. Wilson disease was common in 3–7 years age group, and Biliary atresia in 4–7 months age group. Glycogen storage disease was prevalent between 5 months to 3 years. Keywords: Chronic liver disease, Chronic viral hepatitis, Wilson disease