RESUMEN
ABSTRACT Objective Was analyzed the contents of the main messages of food-based dietary guidelines to promote healthy eating, identifying nutritional, symbolic, and sustainable recommendations. Methods Food-based dietary guidelines from 90 different countries were analyzed. These guidelines were selected from the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization database. For data extraction, all messages were exported to the Nvivo software and, after repeated readings, were grouped into predefined categories and corresponding dimensions based on the literature. The categories were created according to the mixed model, that is, they were created before data analysis was performed, but modified if necessary. Results Was identified 1,982 messages grouped into the following dimensions: nutritional (n=73.9%); sustainable (3.2%); symbolic (3.3%), and others (19.7%). All food-based dietary guidelines addressed nutritional aspects, and the most frequent recommendation was regarding the consumption of fats, followed by the consumption of salt and vegetables and fruits, cited by at least 75 food-based dietary guidelines. Less than half (n=40) of the food-based dietary guidelines addressed sustainable or symbolic aspects of food and 13 of the food-based dietary guidelines addressed both aspects. However, these messages represented only 6.5% of the total messages in the documents. Conclusions The recommendations for healthy eating in the food-based dietary guidelines are incipient in terms of sustainable and symbolic issues. Recommendations for adopting healthy diets need to consider the completeness of the food and its various combinations, dietary patterns, and the factors associated with their consumption, as well as the individual's relations with food, environment, and society.
RESUMO Objetivo Analisar o conteúdo das principais mensagens de guias alimentares para promoção de alimentação saudável, identificando recomendações nutricionais, simbólicas e sustentáveis. Métodos Foram analisadas as mensagens de 90 guias alimentares selecionados a partir do banco de dados da Organização das Nações Unidas para Agricultura e Alimentação. Para a extração dos dados, todas as mensagens foram exportadas para o software Nvivo e categorizadas em categorias pré-definidas em revisão narrativa, conforme as dimensões correspondentes e outras categorias emergentes. Resultados Categorizou-se um total de 1.982 mensagens, agrupadas nas dimensões: nutricional (n=73,9%); sustentável (3,2%); simbólica (3,3%) e outras (19,7%). Todos os guias abordavam aspectos nutricionais, sendo que a recomendação mais frequente foi em relação ao consumo de gordura, seguida do consumo de sal e vegetais e frutas, citadas por pelo menos 75 guias. Menos da metade dos guias (n=40) abordaram aspectos sustentáveis ou simbólicos da alimentação e 13 abordaram ambos; contudo, essas mensagens representaram 6,5% do total presente nos documentos. Conclusão As recomendações para alimentação saudável presentes nos guias alimentares são incipientes no que se refere a questões sustentáveis e simbólicas. Recomendações para a adoção de dietas saudáveis precisam considerar a integralidade do alimento, as diversas combinações, os padrões alimentares e os fatores associados ao seu consumo, bem como as relações do indivíduo com o alimento, com o ambiente e com a sociedade.