Avaliação do comportamento das fibras colágenas periodontais durante a progressão da periodontite experimental em ratos / Evaluation of the behaviour of periodontal collagen fibers during the progression of experimental periodontitis in rats

Introdução: A periodontite é uma doença infecto-inflamatória, resultante da disbiose microbiana e da resposta do hospedeiro, que leva à destruição dos tecidos de suporte dentário, inclusive das fibras colágenas periodontais, podendo culminar na perda do elemento dental. Objetivo: Avaliar o comportamento das fibras colágenas periodontais durante a progressão da periodontite experimental induzida em ratos. Material e método: Doze ratos Wistar foram distribuídos nos grupos: Controle (C), Periodontite Experimental 14-dias (PE-14d), Periodontite Experimental 21-dias (PE-21d) e Periodontite Experimental 42-dias (PE-42d). No dia 0, os animais do grupo C foram eutanasiados. Neste mesmo dia, os animais remanescentes foram submetidos à instalação de uma ligadura de algodão ao redor do primeiro molar inferior esquerdo para indução da periodontite experimental. Tais animais foram eutanasiados aos 14 (PE-14d), 21 (PE-21d) e 42 (PE-42d) dias após a instalação da ligadura. Executou-se o processamento histológico das hemimandíbulas e as secções foram submetidas à reação histoquímica pelo vermelho picro-sirius. A análise qualitativa descritiva foi realizada sob microscopia de luz polarizada, na região de furca dental, evidenciando as fibras do ligamento periodontal. Resultado: O grupo C exibiu feixes espessos e orientados de fibras colágenas maduras, condizentes com aspecto de normalidade. Os grupos com periodontite experimental exibiram desestruturação tecidual severa, com fibras colágenas imaturas e de menor espessura, sendo tais condições mais exacerbadas nos grupos PE-14d e PE-21d. Conclusão: As fases iniciais da periodontite apresentam caráter agudo e, portanto, resultam na rápida destruição dos tecidos periodontais de suporte, prejudicando potencialmente a fibrilogênese e a reestruturação do colágeno no ligamento periodontal.

Introduction: Periodontitis is an infectious-inflammatory disease resulting from microbial dysbiosis and host response that leads to the destruction of tooth support tissues, including periodontal collagen fibers, which may culminate in tooth loss. Objective: To evaluate the behavior of periodontal collagen fibers during the progression of induced experimental periodontitis in rats. Material and method: Twelve Wistar rats were distributed into groups: Control (C), 14-days Experimental Periodontitis (PE-14d), 21-days Experimental Periodontitis (PE-21d) and 42-days Experimental Periodontitis (PE-42d). At day 0, the animals of group C were euthanized. At the same day, the remaining animals were submitted to the installation of a cotton ligature around the lower left first molar for the induction of experimental periodontitis. The animals were euthanized at 14 (PE-14d), 21 (PE-21d) and 42 (PE-42d) days after the installation of ligature. Histological processing of the hemi-mandibles was performed and the sections underwent histochemical reaction using picro-sirius red. The descriptive qualitative analysis was performed under polarized light microscopy, in the dental furcation region, evidencing the fibers of the periodontal ligament. Result: Group C exhibited thick and oriented bundles of mature collagen fibers, consistent with a normal appearance. The groups with experimental periodontitis exhibited severe tissue disruption, with immature and thinner collagen fibers, with such conditions being more exacerbated in the PE-14d and PE-21d groups. Conclusion: The early stages of periodontitis present acute response, and therefore result in rapid destruction of periodontal support tissues and potentially impair fibrillogenesis and collagen restructuring in the periodontal ligament.

The new injuries' risk after acl reconstruction might be reduced with functional training / O risco de novas lesões após reconstrução do lca pode ser minorado com o treinamento funcional

ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of our study was to evaluate if functional training with the Functional Movement Screen (FMS) can reduce the risk of a new injury for patients that underwent an anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Our hypothesis was that the functional training might reduce the risk of a new injury. Methods: Our training protocol consisted of six phases, each one lasting six weeks. It began two months after surgery. The study group was composed of 10 individuals that completed our protocol after ACLR. The control group consisted of 10 people that completed a regular ACLR rehabilitation protocol. The FMS was used to compare the study and control group performance. Patients with a score of 14 or less on the FMS were considered more likely to suffer an injury than those with a score higher than 14. Results: The study group average FMS score was 16.6 compared to the control group at 12.3. Functional training for ACLR rehabilitation added a statistically significant benefit (p < 0.0002) to reduce the risk of a new injury compared to regular protocol. Conclusion: Functional training may be considered an alternative to the regular ACLR rehabilitation to reduce the risk of a new injury before returning to sports. Level of Evidence III, Case control study.

RESUMO Objetivo: Nosso objetivo foi avaliar se o treinamento funcional pode reduzir o risco de nova lesão, após a reconstrução do ligamento cruzado anterior (RLCA), pelo Functional Movement Screen (FMS). Nossa hipótese foi que o treinamento funcional pode diminuir o risco de nova lesão. Métodos: O treinamento consistiu de seis fases de seis semanas cada uma. Começou dois meses após a reconstrução do ligamento. O grupo estudo foi composto por 10 indivíduos que completaram o treinamento, após a RLCA. O grupo controle consistiu em 10 pessoas que fizeram o protocolo regular de reabilitação da RLCA. O FMS foi utilizado para comparar o desempenho dos dois grupos. Pacientes com pontuação igual ou inferior a 14 foram considerados mais propensos a sofrer nova lesão em comparação àqueles com pontuação maior que 14. Resultados: A pontuação média do grupo estudo foi de 16,6 e a do grupo controle, 12,3. O treinamento funcional adicionou um benefício estatisticamente significativo (p < 0,0002) para diminuir o risco de nova lesão, em comparação com o protocolo regular. Conclusão: O treinamento funcional pode ser mais uma estratégia a ser incluida na reabilitação regular da RLCA, para diminuir o risco de uma nova lesão, antes de retornar ao esporte. Nível de Evidência III, Estudo de Caso controle.

O neolamarckismo de Edward Drinker Cope e a ideia de progresso biológico no processo evolutivo / The neo-Lamarckism of Edward Drinker Cope and the idea of biological progress in the evolutionary process

A teoria neolamarckista de Edward Cope operava com um mecanismo alternativo à seleção natural. Acréscimos ou decréscimos dos estágios ontogênicos produziriam características que poderiam ser geradas e integradas ao organismo por meio da herança de caracteres adquiridos. Incrementando, ou não, a complexidade corporal, tal mecanismo aumentava a capacidade adaptativa. Isso poderia ser interpretado como progresso biológico de maneira semelhante à interpretação feita por defensores da teoria sintética evolutiva. Mas, diferentemente destes últimos, o neolamarckismo relegava à seleção natural papel secundário. Este estudo esclarece o posicionamento de Cope em relação ao fenômeno do progresso biológico, assim como seu enfoque fortemente adaptacionista, propondo que essa tenha sido uma contribuição indireta à articulação da nova síntese evolutiva.

Edward Cope's neo-Lamarckist theory operated with an alternative mechanism to natural selection. For him, increases or decreases of the ontogenic stages produce characteristics that could be generated and integrated into the organism through the inheritance of acquired characters. Increasing body complexity, or not, this mechanism increased adaptive capacity. This could be interpreted as biological progress in a manner similar to the interpretation made by proponents of synthetic evolutionary theory. But unlike the latter, neo-Lamarkism relegated natural selection to a secondary role. This study aims to clarify the position of Cope in relation to the phenomenon of biological progress, as well as his strongly adaptational approach, proposing that this has been an indirect contribution to the articulation of the new evolutionary synthesis.

Applications of the hexanic fraction of Agave sisalana Perrine ex Engelm (Asparagaceae): control of inflammation and pain screening

The present study evaluated the anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of Agave sisalana Perrine in classic models of inflammation and pain. The hexanic fraction of A. sisalana (HFAS) was obtained by acid hydrolysis followed by hexanic reflux. Anti-inflammatory properties were examined in three acute mouse models (xylene ear oedema, hind paw oedema and pleurisy) and a chronic mouse model (granuloma cotton pellet). The antinociceptive potential was evaluated in chemical (acetic-acid) and thermal (tail-flick and hot-plate test) models of pain. When given orally, HFAS (5, 10, 25 and 50 mg/kg) reduced ear oedema (p < 0.0001; 52%, 71%, 62% and 42%, respectively). HFAS also reduced hind paw oedema at doses of 10 mg/kg and 25 mg/kg (p < 0.05; 42% and 58%, respectively) and pleurisy at doses of 10 mg/kg and 25 mg/kg (41% and 50%, respectively). In a chronic model, HFAS reduced inflammation by 46% and 58% at doses of 10 mg/kg and 25 mg/kg, respectively. Moreover, this fraction showed analgesic properties against the abdominal writhing in an acetic acid model (at doses of 5-25 mg/kg) with inhibitory rates of 24%, 54% and 48%. The HFAS also showed an increased latency time in the hot-plate (23% and 28%) and tail-flick tests (61% and 66%) for the 25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg doses, respectively. These results suggest that HFAS has anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties.

Avaliação da resposta anti-inflamatória intestinal de proantocianidinas de Rhizophora mangle L. no tratamento de colite experimental induzida por ácido tri-nitro-benzeno sulfônico (TNBS) em ratos e dextrana sal sódico (DSS) em camundongos / Evaluation of the intestinal anti-inflammatory response of proanthocyanidins of Rhizophora mangle in the treatment of experimental colitis induced by trinitro benzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) in rats and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in mice

As doenças inflamatórias intestinais (DII) compreendem doença de Crohn e reto-colite ulcerativa inespecífica, ambas caracterizadas por processo inflamatório crônico e descontrolado no intestino mediado por células do sistema imune. DII tem sido objeto de extensas pesquisas nos últimos anos; indefinição sobre etiologia e ausência de tratamento eficaz os justificam. Nesse cenário, produtos naturais surgem como alternativas terapêuticas, uma vez que moléculas com atividade farmacológica pronunciada, especialmente compostos fenólicos, têm merecido destaque. Neste trabalho foram avaliadas três frações orgânicas (aquosa – Aq, butanólica – BuOH, e acetato de EtOAc) obtidas a partir das cascas de Rhizophora mangle em modelos experimentais de colite induzida por dextrana sal sódico (DSS) em camundongos e ácido 2,4,6-tri-nitro-benzeno-sulfônico (TNBS) em ratos. BuOH (0.5 e 1.5 mg.Kg-1) e EtOAc (1.5 mg.Kg-1) foram efetivas no modelo de colite por DSS, enquanto BuOH 0.5 mg.K-1 e EtOAc 1.5 mg.Kg-1 mostraram-se eficazes na colite aguda por TNBS. No modelo sub-crônico de colite os tratamentos BuOH e EtOAc reduziram novamente os danos causados pelo TNBS, embora BuOH tenha se mostrado mais eficiente. A avaliação de mediadores envolvidos nesses modelos experimentais mostrou que tanto BuOH quanto EtOAc exercem ação sobre a atividade da glutationa peroxidase (GSH-Px) e mieloperoxidase (MPO) bem como sobre os níveis das citocinas pró-inflamatórias fator de necrose tumoral-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleucinas 1β, 6 e 12 (IL-1β, IL-6 e IL-12), além de reduzirem a expressão de ciclo-oxigenase-2 (COX-2) no modelo de DSS.

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) comprises Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, both are characterized by an immune-mediated chronic inflammatory process in the gut. IBD have been studied over the past few years; undefined etiology and the absence of effective treatments justify these studies. In this scenario, natural products arises as therapeutic alternative, once various studies in animal models have shown efficient treatments. Nowadays, molecules with pronounced pharmacological activities, especially phenolic compounds, have been highlighted. In this work three organic fractions (aqueous – Aq, butanolic – BuOH and ethyl acetate – EtOAc) obtained from Rhizophora mangle barks were evaluated in experimental models of dextran sodium sulphate (DSS)-induced colitis in mice and 2,4,6-tri-nitro-benzene sulphonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis in rats. BuOH (0.5 and 1.5 mg.Kg-1) and EtOAc (1.5 mg.Kg-1) were effective in the DSS-induced model, while BuOH (0.5 mg.Kg-1) and EtOAc (1.5 mg.Kg-1) were also effective in acute TNBS-induced model of colitis, which lead to the evaluation of these last ones in sub-chronic TNBS-induced models of colitis. In this model, both treatments reduced the injury provoked by the instillation of TNBS, although BuOH has shown more efficiency. The evaluation of the mediators involved in these experimental models showed that either BuOH as EtOAc act on the glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and myeloperoxidase activities as well as on pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-α), interferon- (IFN-γ) and interleukins -1β, 6 and 12 (IL-1, IL-6 and IL-12) levels, and down-regulation of ciclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in the DSS-induced model of colitis.

Gastroprotective effects of essential oil from Protium heptaphyllum on experimental gastric ulcer models in rats

Peptic ulcers are a common disorder of the entire gastrointestinal tract, its etiology has not been completely elucidated. The basic physiopathological of peptic ulcers result from an imbalance between some endogenous aggressive factor and cytoprotective factors. The treatment of this disease is usually done with antacids or proton pump, but are currently being used plants derivated compounds. We evaluated the gastroprotective properties and its possible mechanisms of action of the essential oil from Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) Marchand, Burseraceae (BB). The formation of ulcers, were evaluated in three experimental models, through the induction of gastric lesions by ethanol, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and acetic acid. The mechanisms of action were evaluated through the pylorus ligature experiment, western blot, GSH, GR, SOD, GPx, MDA and MPO activities. BB significantly inhibited the formation of ulcers induced by the three different models, increased the GSH and GR levels and maintained the same levels of SOD and GPx of the sham group, inhibited MPO and MDA, did not produce significant modification in gastric juice content and showed increased COX-2 and EGF. BB exerts its gastroprotective activity, possibly, by increasing COX-2 and EGF expression and due to its possible antioxidant property.

Anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential of hydrolyzed extract of Agave sisalana Perrine ex Engelm., Asparagaceae / Potencial anti-inflamatório e analgésico do extrato hidrolisado de Agave sisalana Perrine ex Engelm, Asparagaceae

The hemolytic, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive properties from hydrolyzed extract Agave sisalana Perrine ex Engelm., Asparagaceae (HEAS) was evaluated on classic inflammation models. Male Swiss mice and male Wistars rats received HEAS (500 mg/kg) in two administration p.o. and i.p. in saline solution 0.9 percent. The acid hydrolysis inhibited the hemolytic action of saponins due to the retreat of side chain sugar. The treatment of the ear induced oedema by xylene with HEAS significantly reduced in two routes 13±1.5 and 10±0.63 mg, respectively, p.o. and i.p., in comparison with controls 27±1.5 saline and 13.5±1.2 AAS. The HEAS also diminished edema induced by carrageenin 43±1.58 mg (p.o.) and 17±1.26 mg (i.p.), when compared with control groups 52±1.58 mg (saline) and 10.05±1.58 (indomethacin). HEAS showed analgesic effects in abdominal constrictions 30.7 percent (p.o.), 88.7 percent (i.p.) comparable to that produced by (AAS) 70.6 percent. However in granuloma cotton pellet a chronic model of inflammation just the i.p. pathway decreased granulomatous tissue (20.4±1.32 mg) compared with controls 30.5±2.53 mg (saline) and 20.2±2.18 mg (dexamethasone). These data suggest that HEAS has anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity on acute and chronic processes.

As propriedades hemolítica, anti-inflamatória e antinociceptiva do extrato hidrolisado de Agave sisalana Perrine ex Engelm, Aparagaceae (HEAS) foram avaliadas em modelos clássicos de inflamação. Camundongos Swiss e ratos Wistars machos receberam HEAS (500 mg/kg) em duas vias de administração p.o e i.p em solução salina 0.9 por cento. A hidrólise ácida inibiu a ação hemolítica das saponinas através da retirada das cadeias laterais de açúcar. O tratamento com HEAS reduziu significativamente o edema de orelha induzido por xilol em duas vias 13±1.5 e 10±0.63 mg respectivamente, p.o e i.p, em comparação com os controles 27±1.5 salina e 13.5±1.2 AAS. O HEAS também diminuiu o edema induzido por carragenina 43±1.58 mg (p.o) e 17±1.26 mg (i.p), quando comparado com os grupos controle 52±1.58 (salina) e 10.05±1.58 (indometacina). HEAS apresentou efeito analgésico em modelo de contorções abdominais 30.7 por cento (p.o), 88.7 por cento (i.p) comparado com aquele produzido pelo (AAS) 70.6 por cento. Contudo, no modelo crônico de inflamação granuloma cotton pellet apenas a via i.p diminuiu o tecido granulomatoso (20.4±1.32 mg) comparado com os controles 30.5±2.53 (salina) e 20.2±2.18 mg (dexametasona). Esses dados sugerem que o HEAS possui atividades anti-inflamatória e analgésica em processos agudos e crônicos.