RESUMEN
Background and Objective: Permanent first molars are susceptible to caries due to their particular anatomical form, early development and lack of knowledge of parents about their permanence. This study was conducted to determine the index of first permanent dental careis [DMF6] and some of its related factors in 12 year-old students
Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was carried out on 400 students [200 females and 200 males] using combined method [stratified and cluster sampling] from public and non-governmental schools in Gorgan, northern Iran during 2015-16. First permanent molar examination was carried out. The parents' education level, frequency of toothbrushing and daily consumption of sugarcontaining snack foods was recorded in a questionnaire. Each decayed, missing and filled first permanent molar tooth was given number one. These numbers were combined to compute the DMF6 index for each individual
Results: The DMF6 index was zero in 19.5% and the DMF6 index was determined to be between 1 and 4 in 80.5% of the children. The mean DMF6 index was 2.23+/-0.07 and significantly higher in girls [2.39+/-0.10] than in boys [2.07+/-0.11] [P<0.05]. The DMF6 index decreased with increasing parental education and the frequency of brushing and reducing consumption of sugary meals
Conclusion: Dental caries prevalence among 12-years-old students in north of Iran is higher [2.23] than global standard until 2020 [lower than 1]. Gender of child, parent's education, frequency of toothbrushing and consumption of sugar-containing snack foods plays an important role in the rate of dental caries
RESUMEN
Background: Evaluate the adherence to facility management and safety standards among governmental and non-governmental hospitals in Shiraz, Iran
Methods: In this cross sectional study, 22 hospitals of the 33 hospitals in Shiraz, Iran including 13 governmental and 9 non-governmental facilities were surveyed. A 74-item self-administered questionnaire was used. Collected data were entered to SPSS Version 15.0 software. The level for statistical significance was set at 0.05
Results: Adherence to facility management and safety standards was 65.17% in governmental and 72.79% in non-governmental hospitals. Compliance by governmental hospital in the areas of leadership and planning, safety and security, emergency management, medical equipment, utility system and staff education ranged from 60% to 86%. However, hazardous materials and fire safety adherence was below 50%. For non-governmental hospitals standard compliance for all areas ranged from 60% to 86%. Compliance rates between governmental and non-governmental hospitals in the areas of hazardous materials and staff education standards were statistically significantly different [p=0.02 and p=0.05 respectively]
Conclusions: To achieve more effective functional health care services, additional studies must be undertaken to assess the nature and extent of problem areas that exist in planning, implementing and monitoring of facility management and safety programs
RESUMEN
To compare the level of knowledge, the attitudes, and practices with regards to tobacco use between Iranian students at a public [PBU] and Islamic Azad [IAU] university. A cross-sectional design was used in this study. As the number of students at the IAU were three times greater than that of the PBU, we selected 150 students from the PBU and 450 students from the IAU using simple random sampling. A 57-item survey instrument was utilized for this study. The collected data were recorded by SPSS version 15 software and then it underwent statistical analysis using descriptive statistics and ANOVA to compare the difference between means of knowledge, attitude and practice scores. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify variables that have an independent association with students smoking and to describe possible variations in these relationships. The P value level for statistical significance was set at 0.05. From participants, 46.8% were females, 10% of 327 students reported being daily smokers; of these, 84% were from the IAU. Totally, among the 107 smokers, 61 [57%] and 29 [27.1%] were water pipe and cigarettes smokers, respectively. Ninety three IAU students [21.7%] and 30 PBU students [20.7%] reported smoking during the past 30 days. The mean of the knowledge items between the students of IAU was lower than PBU students. Female gender, smoking in the home, and allowing visitors to smoke in the home were significant predictors of smoking in the past 30 days in PBU, respectively. In IAU, female gender, smoking by friends, and health status were predictors for smoking in the past 30 days. Future studies should assess the factors affecting smoking initiation, as well as effective techniques for the prevention of smoking initiation and substance abuse in Iranian adolescents and young adults