Spatial analysis of driving accidents leading to deaths related to motorcyclists in Tehran / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

PURPOSE@#Traffic accidents are one of the main causes of death and disability, causing annual deaths of 1.23 million and tens of millions injured people worldwide. Meanwhile, a significant proportion of the deaths and injuries caused by traffic accidents occur among motorcyclists. According to the world health organization's 2015 report, about 25% of deaths from traffic accidents occur in motorists. In Iran, a significant proportion of deaths and injuries result from traffic accidents among motorcyclists, especially in passages within the cities. According to traffic police, about 25% of deaths and 50% of injuries in traffic accidents of Tehran are reported among motorcyclists. Therefore, due to the importance of this issue, the spatial factors influencing the incidence of motorcycle-related accidents in Tehran were investigated using the geographic information system.@*METHODS@#The present work was a cross-sectional and descriptive analysis study. The data necessary for the study were extracted from Tehran traffic police as well as municipality databases. Zoning maps were used to display the distribution of events. In the analytical investigation, Moran index was used to determine the distribution pattern of the events, while Getis-Ord G * statistics were applied to analyze hot spots. To investigate the role of regional and environmental factors in the frequency of traffic accidents related to motorcyclists in geographic units (Tehran 22 districts), Poisson regression and negative binomial models were used. The geographically weighted regression (GWR) model was used to analyze the relationship between environmental factors and the location of these events. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS, STATA, ARC-GIS and GWR software.@*RESULTS@#The southern and eastern margins of Tehran are the most vulnerable areas in terms of deaths related to traffic accidents of motorcyclists. Highways are considered the location of most traffic accidents which lead to death of motorcyclists. Getis-Ord General G * (p < 0.04) indicates that the distribution of high-risk points is statistically significant. The final model showed that in Tehran, the association of different variables including demographic characteristics, pathways network and type of land use with the number of accidents in geographic units was statistically significant. The spatial distribution of traffic accidents leading to deaths of motorcyclists in the center of Tehran varies considerably with changes in population density, length of highways, volume of traffic, and land use in different parts.@*CONCLUSION@#Most of the traffic accidents leading to deaths of motorcyclists occur in highways. Various environmental variables play a role in determining the distribution pattern of these types of events. Through proper traffic management, controlling environmental risk factors and training people the safety of motorcyclists in Tehran can be improved.

Effects of citizenship education on knowledge, attitude, subjective norm and behavioral intention of high school girls in Shiraz, Southern Iran

Background/Objective: This study aimed to address the knowledge gap in citizenship education. In other words, there was an attempt to investigate the effect of a citizenship education program on knowledge, attitudes, subjective norms, and behavioral intention of high schools girls

Methods: 228 female students, 91 in the experimental and 137 in the control groups participated in this study. A questionnaire was used to collect the data. The educational program was run in the experimental group using interactive teaching-learning techniques. The research data were, then, analyzed in SPSS, using inferential statistics

Results: The mean score of the students' knowledge in the experimental group increased from 7.35 +/- 1.93 in the pretest to 11.14 +/- 1.78 in the posttest, while in the control group this score remained approximately the same in the pre- and post-tests. The pre- and post-test means of attitude scores were statistically different, but not in the control group. The pretest mean scores of the subjective norm in the experimental and control groups were relatively similar, but in the posttest it became significantly different [experimental: 25.78 +/- 3.77, control: 23.40 +/- 4.62]. The students' behavioral intention score increased from 18.51 +/- 2.71 to 20.87 +/- 3.04 in the experimental group. The mean scores of intention in the pretest and posttest were not statistically different in the control group. In the second posttests, the levels of these constructs remained unchanged in the control group, but they were significantly higher than pretest scores in the experimental group

Conclusion: This study revealed the adolescents' need for as well as the efficacy of a citizenship education program

[Prevalence of bacterial and antibiotic sensitivity in septicemia of neonates admitted to Kermanshah Imam Reza Hospital [2007-2008]]

Neonatal septicemia is an important cause of morbidity and mortality. The most common pathogens of bacterial sepsis and antibiotic sensitivity patterns may vary in different areas of the world. Understanding the etiology of bacteriological profiles is very important and helps to reduce the associated mortality. The aim of this study was to assess prevalence of bacterial and antibiotic sensitivity sepsis in neonates during 2007-2008. In this cross sectional descriptive study the information of neonates who have been admitted to Imam Reza Hospital were collected. Ninety out of 2175 admitted subjects had inclusive criteria including positive blood culture and clinical symptoms of fever, shock, hyporeflexia. Demographic data collected using questionnaires and SPSS version 15 was used for statistical analysis. The prevalence of sepsis was 4.13%. 37.7% of bacteria were gram positive and 12 types of bacteria were isolated. The most common isolated microorganisms were staphylococcus aureus [31.1%] and Klebsiella Pneumoniae [16.7%]. The mortality rate was 33.3%. The most sensitive antibiotics in gram positive bacteria were Ciprofloxacin[73.5%], Imipenem[70.5%], Ceftriaxon [50%] and in gram negative bacteria Ciprofloxacin [76.8%],Imipenem [73.2%] and Co-Trimoxazole [44.6%].The most resistance antibiotic against gram positive bacteria were Co-Trimoxazole [35.3%], Gentamicin [32.4%], Ceftriaxon [29.4%] and in gram negative bacteria were, Ceftriaxon, Gentamicin, Cefotaxime [73.2%]. It seems that Ciprofloxacin and Imipenem are the most appropriate antibiotics for experimental treatment prior to obtaining blood culture results in this hospital

[Antibiotic resistance of bacteria isolated from mice's intestine in Lahijan]

Disease transmission by rats and mice is a worldwide problem of big cities, which is important economically and also a significant health problem. This study was carried out to identify bacterial species find out antibiotic resistance of isolated bacteria of local rat's population in Lahijan -Iran. Cluster random sampling design was used to study a total sample of 100 rodent species, from 13 different regions within the Lahijan city. Rats were killed by using ether inhalation and sterile swabs were used to collect samples from cecum. The collected swabs were cultured for bacterial growth on different media. Cold enrichment phosphate buffer was used for isolation of Yersinia Enterocolitica. Antibiotic sensitivity was determined by using Kirby-Bauer's method. SPSS software was used for data analysis. A total of 100 rats were entrapped. 94 of them were of Rattus norvegicus and the other 6 of Rattus rattus types. The results showed that 70% of the rodents were carriers of proteus species, 34% klebsiella, 20% Entero pathogenic Ecoli, 4% salmonella typhimurium, 45% enterobacter cloacae, 64% citrobacter spp, 75% non-pathogenic E coli, 19% serratia marscesins, 41% hafnia alveoi, 57% pseudomonas aeroginossa, 10% yersinia enterocolitica, 31% aureus, 38% coagulase negative staphylococcus, 13% streptococcus faecalis and 40% bacillus cereus. The most sensitive antibiotics included ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid and cotrimoxazole. We concluded that mice and rats are potentially able to transmit disease to human. Further studies about health and economic effects of rats in large cities are recommended

[Frequency of nursing and midwifery errors in referred cases to the Iranian Medical Council and Imam Reza Training Hospital in Kermanshah]

Medical and paramedical errors can cause irreversible injuries and sometimes may lead to death. The reason of these errors can be intentionally or unintentionally. The present research has been done with the purpose of determining the frequency of nursing and midwifery errors in referred cases to the Iranian Medical Council. A descriptive study was conducted to evaluate all paramedics profiles referred to Iranian Medical Council and Imam Reza hospital inspecting center during 2001-2008. All nurses and midwives involved in medical errors profiles were introduced. In the related check - list, the age, gender, working shifts, clinical ward, kind of the error and the given verdict have been evaluated. Data was collected and interred to Excel spread sheet and analyzed using SPSS software. 82 out of 1500 referred profiles were related to nursing and midwife failure in medical services. The results showed that 40.24% of the errors were related to nursing and 46.36% to midwife staff. 12.19% of the failures were related to emergency wards and private clinics and 15.85% were reported from the general clinics. 28% of errors have been happened during evening working time. We concluded that some of these failures were attributed to crowds of patients, lack of professional staff in the health system and insufficient supervision of the related team in training hospitals. Decreasing burden of paramedics' responsibilities and increasing number of nurses and midwives is necessary and may lead to decrease in prevalence of errors