Satisfacción e impacto del programa de especialización en Neonatología antes y durante la COVID-19 / Satisfaction and impact of the Neonatology specialization program before and during COVID-19

Fundamento: por la COVID-19, muchas facultades de Medicina implementaron nuevos planes de estudio para la formación de médicos residentes, lo cual afectó de alguna manera su proceso de formación como especialistas. Objetivo: comparar la satisfacción de los residentes de Neonatología sobre el programa de especialización y el impacto en su formación antes y durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos: se realizó una investigación descriptiva con enfoque cuantitativo, en la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos en 2022. Se utilizaron métodos teóricos: análisis-síntesis, inductivo-deductivo e histórico-lógico; empírico: cuestionario a neonatólogos egresados entre 2019-2022; y matemático-estadísticos para el análisis de datos encontrados. Resultados: se analizaron 64 cuestionarios en los que se delimitaron cifras en ambos períodos: antes y durante la COVID-19, la edad promedio de los grupos de estudio fue de 38 y 37 años respectivamente; 54.8 % y 69.7 % fueron mujeres, la satisfacción fue del 100 % y 84.8 % (p=0.05), y el impacto en el efecto de sus funciones sociales fue favorable en 96.8 % y 75.8 % (p=0.03).Los tutores no promovieron un clima laboral favorable y formación profesional con ética, y durante la pandemia el impacto en su formación disminuyó de forma moderada en su desempeño y prestigio profesional. Conclusiones: la comparación efectuada evidenció muy buena satisfacción en la formación de la especialidad antes de la pandemia, no así durante la enfermedad, según la percepción de los muestreados, quienes consideraron que las actividades del año académico no se llevaron sobre la base de un plan de estudios.

Background: due to COVID-19, many medical schools implemented new study plans for the training of resident physicians, which somehow affected their training process as specialists. Objective: to compare the satisfaction of Neonatology residents about the specialization program and the impact on their training before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: a descriptive research with a quantitative approach was carried out at the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos in 2022. Theoretical methods were used: analysis-synthesis, inductive-deductive and historical-logical; empirical ones: questionnaire to neonatologists graduated from 2019 to 2022; and mathematical-statistical for the analysis of data found. Results: 64 questionnaires were analyzed in which figures were delimited in both periods: before and during COVID-19, the average age of the study groups was 38 and 37 years, respectively; 54.8% and 69.7% were women, satisfaction was 100% and 84.8% (p=0.05), and the impact on the effect of their social functions was favorable in 96.8% and 75.8% (p=0.03). Tutors did not promoted a favorable work environment and professional training with ethics, and during the pandemic the impact on their training decreased moderately on their performance and professional prestige. Conclusions: the comparison made showed very good satisfaction in the training of the specialty before the pandemic, but not during the disease, according to the perception of those sampled, who considered that the activities of the academic year were not carried out on the basis of a study plan.

HIV-1 genetic diversity and resistance to antiretroviral drugs among pregnant women in Ribeirão Preto (SP), Brazil. Cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Increasing genetic diversity of HIV-1 and emergence of drug-resistant mutations may reduce the efficacy of antiretroviral therapy and prophylaxis that are used to prevent mother-to-child transmission. The aim of this study was to assess the genetic diversity and prevalence of drug-resistant mutations among HIV-infected pregnant women. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study at an outpatient clinic for infectious diseases within gynecology and obstetrics. METHODS: This study evaluated the dynamics of HIV-1 subtypes and the prevalence of transmitted and acquired drug-resistant mutations among 38 HIV-infected pregnant women (20 previously exposed to antiretroviral therapy and 18 naive), in Ribeirão Preto (SP), Brazil, between 2010 and 2011. Genotyping was performed by means of molecular sequencing of the protease and reverse transcriptase regions of the HIV-1 pol gene. RESULTS: Subtype B was identified in 84.2% of the samples, recombinant forms between B and F in 7.9%, subtype F1 in 5.3% and the recombinant form K/F in 2.6%. No mutation associated with transmitted drug resistance was detected in the samples from the naive pregnant women, whereas mutations associated with acquired drug resistance were found in 35.0% of the pregnant women previously exposed to antiretroviral therapy. CONCLUSION: The results showed that subtype B predominated, while there was low prevalence of sequences with transmitted drug resistance.

Prevalence of HIV type 1 drug resistance mutations in treatment-naïve and experienced patients from resource-limited settings with universal access to antiretroviral therapy: a survey in two small Brazilian cities

Concerns have been raised that universal availability of antiretroviral agents in resource-limited settings might lead to the emergence and spread of resistant strains. We present the largest survey on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) resistance among treatment-naïve and experienced patients followed in small, relatively underprivileged cities in Brazil with universal availability to standard of care antiretroviral combinations. Samples were collected between 2004 and 2006 from 95 patients followed in the cities of Saquarema and Santo Antonio de Pádua, state of Rio de Janeiro. A proviral fragment encompassing protease and reverse transcriptase (RT) regions was generated and drug susceptibility level was inferred. Among 50 strains from drug-naïve subjects, one (2 percent) had intermediate-level resistance to RT inhibitors. Among 38 patients on therapy as of sampling, 28 (73.7 percent) had plasma viral load (PVL) below detection limit (26 of whom without evidence of resistance mutations) and 11 (28.9 percent) harbored strains with reduced susceptibility. Only two strains harbored both protease and RT inhibitor mutations. Among seven patients who were off-treatment as of sampling, two (28.5 percent) harbored strains with reduced susceptibility to RT inhibitors. The relatively high frequency of undetectable PVL among patients on treatment and the overall low prevalence of resistance-associated mutations are reassuring. Continued surveillance, however, is necessary.

Human immunodeficiency virus type- 1 subtypes of infected patients in Espírito Santo, Brazil

Genetic variability of human immunodeficiency virus type - 1(HIV-1) is a potential threat for both diagnosis and treatment of HIV/AIDS, as well as the development of effective vaccines. Up to now, HIV subtypes circulating among HIV-positive patients in the state of Espírito Santo were not known. In the present study, blood samples from 100 therapy-naïve HIV-1 infected patients were collected and the HIV subtype was determined through the Heteroduplex Mobility Assay (HMA). Ninety-seven out of 100 studied samples were subtyped by HMA, 73 samples (75.2 percent) were from subtype B, 9 (9.3 percent) from subtype F, 3 (3.1 percent) from subtype C, 6 (6.2 percent) Benv/Fgag, and another 6 (6.2 percent) Fenv/Bgag, what suggests that recombinant viruses were present in the studied samples. Twenty-eight percent of the subtype B samples were represented by the Brazilian B" subtype, which were identified by RFLP with Fok I. Data presented here demonstrate that the epidemiological characteristics of the HIV epidemic in the state of Espírito Santo are similar to those from the other Southeastern states and helped to better understand the genetic polymorphism of HIV in Brazil.

Brote epidémico de fascioliasis invasiva: estudio de una familia / Epidemic outbreak of invasive fasciolasis: study of a family

Se estudiaron 6 casos de una familia procedente del área rural, con antecedentes de ingestión de berro silvestre, para exponer nuestras observaciones clínicas y terapéuticas sobre esta infección. Se observó que unas semanas más tarde a la ingestión se presentaron síntomas de astenia, dolor en hipocondrio derecho, fiebre, hepatomegalia. Se realizó leucograma, recuento global de eosinófilos, aminotransferasas, fosfatasa alcalina, antígeno de superficie, anti HVC, serodiagnóstico para fasciola (ELISA indirecto), heces fecales seriadas, drenaje biliar, laparoscopia y biopsia hepática y colangiopancreatografía transduodenal. Se estudió solamente mediante exámenes de laboratorio el caso de un niño. Se halló un recuento global de eosinófilos elevado en todos los casos. Se detectaron huevos de fasciola en 2 casos: uno en heces fecales y otro, en bilis. Se demostró, mediante laparoscopia, la presencia de lesiones de larva migrans visceral en la superficie hepática, que se comportaron histológicamente como granulomas. La colangiopancreatografía transduodenal resultó un método útil en el diagnóstico y tratamiento de algunos casos. Se indicó tratamiento con emetina y prazicuantel indistintamente

Contribuição ao estudo da diversidade do HIV-1 no Brasil: caracterização genotípica e fenotípica de amostras de HIV-1 obtidas em diferentes regiões geográficas / Contribution to the study of HIV-1 diversity in Brazil: genotypic and phenotypic characterization of HIV-1 samples obtained from different geographical regions

Desde o estabelecimento em cultura do primeiro isolado de HIV-l no Brasil (Galvão-Castro e cols., 1987), já podíamos perceber um polimorfismo genético e biológico em amostras obtidas no início da epidemia de AIDS no país, indicando que esta heterogeneidade seria similar a descrita para o HIV-l em outras partes do mundo (Couto-Fernandez e cols., 1992). Nos anos subsequentes, buscando um melhor detalhamento da estrutura genética destes isolados, entre outros, sequenciamos um fragmento genômico de aproximadamente 860pb correspondentes as regiões V3, V4, V5 e parte da gp41 do envelope viral de 6 amostras coletadas entre 1987 e 1989 (documento 1). A análise filo genética mostrou que estas amostras brasileiras eram do subtipo B, com níveis de diversidade variando entre 5,9 e 13, 1%. A análise das seqüências de aminoácidos da alça V3 revelou que 3 amostras possuíam o motivo GPGR no topo da alça, característico de isolados Norte Americanos/Europeus, enquanto que nas outras três existia uma substituição da prolina pelo triptofano (W), metionina (M) e fenilalalina (F), respectivamente. O grau de diversidade antigênica, avaliado pela reatividade sorológica de 114 soros obtidos de pacientes do Rio de Janeiro, coletados no período de 1990 a 1992, frente à diferentes peptídeos sintéticos subtipo-específicos, mostrou que 60,5% deles reagiram com peptídeos do subtipo B e 15,8% mostraram reatividade específica para o peptídeo Bra-cons (GWG). Um elevado percentual de soros (37,7%) não mostrou reatividade com os diferentes peptídeos usados. Buscando conhecer o espectro da diversidade do HIV-1 nos sítios selecionados para futuros testes de vacinas anti-HIV/AIDS, foi estabelecida a Rede Nacional de Laboratórios para Isolamento e Caracterização do HIV-1 no Brasil que, permitiu uma análise abrangente e sistematizada de amostras coletadas em diferentes regiões do país. Estes estudos, realizados primeiramente em amostras do Rio de Janeiro (documento 2) e, subseqüentemente,...

Seroprevalence of HIV, HTLV-I/II and other perinatally-transmitted pathogens in Salvador, Bahia

A obtencao de dados epidemiologicos e de fundamental importancia para o estabelecimento de politicas em Saude Pubica. No Brasil, essas informacoes sao escassas, principalmente na regiao Nordeste. Para se obter alguns desses dados, avaliamos a soroprevalencia de algumas infeccoes de transmissao perinatal, em cerca de 1024 gestantes de baixa renda, em Salvador, Bahia...

Molecular and biological diversity of HIV-1 in Brazil

To determine the genomic polymorphism and biological properties present in HIV-1 Brazilian isolates, were analyzed five viral isolates obtained from patients residing in Rio de Janeiro (P1 and P5), Säo Paulo (P3) and Bahia (P2 and P4) states. For each viral isolate in vitro characteristics such as replication rate, syncytium-inducing capacity and cell death were observed in lymphoblastoid (H9, CEM and peripheral blood mononuclear cells) as well as monocytoid (U937) cells. In addition, the evaluation of the restriction fragment lenght polymorphism of these isolates was also performed using a panel of endonucleases such as Hind III, Bgl II, Sac I, Pst I, Kpn I and Eco RI. One of the isolates (P1), showed the highest phenotypic and genotypic divergence, when compared to others. The results found suggest a HIV heterogeneity in Brazil similar to that already described in other regions of the world