Avaliação da segurança e eficácia da abiraterona e enzalutamida pré e pós-quimioterapia no tratamento de pacientes com câncer de próstata metastático castração-resistente: revisão sistemática / Assessment of safety and treatment capacity and pre-treatment and post-treatment chemotherapy without treatment of patients with castration-resistant metastatic prostate cancer: systematic review

O câncer de próstata é no mundo e no Brasil. Alguns pacientes são diagnosticados em fase avançada um problema de saúde pública com alta prevalência ou progridem para tal após o tratamento inicial. Na fase do câncer de próstata metastático castração resistente (CPMCR), o emprego do acetato de abiraterona (AA) e enzalutamida (ENZ) surgem como alternativas de tratamento. O objetivo da tese foi sintetizar as evidências científicas disponíveis, através de uma revisão sistemática (RS), sobre a segurança e eficácia do AA e ENZ empregados em homens com CPMCR antes e após a quimioterapia. Procurou-se também avaliar os mesmos atributos das tecnologias em idosos com idade ≥ 75 anos e pacientes com metástase visceral. Foram pesquisadas cinco bases de dados bibliográficas eletrônicas ­ Medline, Embase, Lilacs, Scopus, Web of Science ­ e duas bases de registros de ensaios clínicos - CENTRAL e ClinicalTrials. Foram utilizados descritores do Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) e termos livres correspondentes ao problema de saúde e às tecnologias de interesse, combinados com uso dos operadores booleanos AND e OR, sem restrição inicial de idioma. Foram incluídos artigos no período de janeiro de 2006 a dezembro de 2018. Todas as etapas da RS foram realizadas por dois revisores independentes. A qualidade metodológica foi avaliada utilizando-se a ferramenta da Colaboração Cochrane. Foram identificadas 9.465 referências, sendo que apenas 29 artigos seguiram para fase de análise dos textos completos. Na segunda fase, apenas 12 estudos foram incluídos, com seis correspondentes a ensaios clínicos fase III originais, quatro contemplando o uso da AA (dois utilizando AA antes da QT e outros dois após-QT) e dois com utilização de ENZ (um antes da QT e um após a QT). Outros seis estudos trataram da análise de subgrupos, idade > 75 anos e com presença de metástase visceral. A sobrevida global e o tempo livre de progressão radiológica mostraram resultados favoráveis ao uso de AA e ENZ, inclusive em indivíduos na faixa etária com mais de 75 anos e com presença de metástase visceral com ganho de sobrevida de aproximadamente quatro meses. Os medicamentos evidenciaram baixas taxas de eventos adversos de graus moderados e graves, não havendo diferença estatística em relação ao uso do placebo em relação a eventos adversos grau V (entre 3,5 e 3,7%), e na taxa de descontinuidade do tratamento, ao redor de 6 a 8%. Ambos os medicamentos AA e ENZ evidenciaram benefícios similares. A despeito dos resultados favoráveis, estes apoiam-se em poucos ECCR fase III, o que deve ser levado em conta em decisões de eventual incorporação ao Sistema Único de Saúde

Prostate cancer is a public health problem with high prevalence worldwide and in Brazil. Some patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage or progress to it after initial treatment. In the phase of castration resistant metastatic prostate cancer (CPMCR), the use of abiraterone acetate (AA) and enzalutamide (ENZ) appear as treatment alternatives. The aim of the thesis was to synthesize the available scientific evidence through a systematic review (SR) on the safety and efficacy of AA and ENZ employed in men with CPMCR before and after chemotherapy (QT). We also sought to evaluate the same attributes of technologies in the elderly aged ≥ 75 years and patients with visceral metastasis. We searched five electronic bibliographic databases - Medline, Embase, Lilacs, Scopus, Web of Science - and two clinical trial record databases - CENTRAL and ClinicalTrials. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) descriptors and free terms corresponding to the health problem and the technologies of interest were used, combined with the use of AND and OR boolean operators, without initial language restriction. Articles were included from January 2006 to December 2018. All stages of RS were performed by two independent reviewers. Methodological quality was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration tool. 9,465 references were identified, and only 29 articles went to the full text analysis phase. In the second phase, only 12 studies were included, with six corresponding to original phase III clinical trials, four contemplating the use of AA (two using AA before QT and two after QT) and two using ENZ (one before QT and one after QT). Another six studies dealt with subgroup analysis, age> 75 years and visceral metastasis. Overall survival and time-free radiological progression showed favorable results for the use of AA and ENZ, even in individuals over 75 years of age and visceral metastasis with a survival gain of approximately four months. The drugs showed low rates of moderate and severe adverse events, with no statistical difference regarding placebo use compared to grade V adverse events (between 3.5 and 3.7%), and treatment discontinuation rate. , around 6 to 8%. Both AA and ENZ drugs showed similar benefits. Despite the favorable results, they are supported by few phase III ECCRs, which should be taken into account in decisions of eventual incorporation into the Unified Health System

Clinical and laboratorial study of HPV infection in men infected with HIV

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of precursor lesions of penile cancer, to establish the concordance of diagnostic techniques (PCR, Hybrid Capture (HC) and peniscopy with acetic acid 5%) in the diagnosis of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) of the penis of men infected with HIV and to evaluate the influence of the immune status. PATIENTS, METHODS AND RESULTS: 276 men were studied, with a median age of 34.6 years. Prevalence of High Risk HPV, Low Risk HPV and infection with both, according to HC, was 43%, 32% and 22%, respectively. PCR showed 50% of positivity for HPV DNA. Peniscopy was positive in 27% of individuals. Peniscopy showed good specificity and low sensitivity for the detection of penile HPV, and low concordance with PCR. Men with white lesions had a 3.6 higher relative risk of positivity for HPV. The most common clinical lesion observed was vegetation, identified in 29% of patients. PCR and HC techniques showed high sensitivity for HPV DNA and there was an excellent correlation between them. Immunosuppressed individuals with CD4< 200 cells/mm3 had the highest prevalence of pre-malignant lesions that were observed in 10% of the studied individuals. CONCLUSIONS: Peniscopy was important for identification and treatment of subclinical lesions. PCR and HC techniques were sensitive methods for the detection of HPV DNA with high concordance. Severely immunosuppressed individuals showed a higher prevalence of pre-malignant lesions of the penis.