Neonchocotyle violantei n. sp. (Monogenea, Hexabothriidae) from Pseudobatos lentiginosus (Rhinopristiformes, Rhinobatidae) of Yucatán, Gulf of Mexico / Neonchocotyle violantei n. sp. (Monogenea, Hexabothriidae) do Pseudobatos lentiginosus (Rhinopristiformes, Rhinobatidae) de Yucatán, Golfo do México

Abstract Neonchocotyle violantei n. sp. (Monogenea: Hexabothriidae) infects the gill of the Atlantic guitarfish, Pseudobatos lentiginosus (Rhinopristiformes, Rhinobatidae) from littoral waters of Celestún, Yucatán, Mexico. It is assigned to Neonchocotyle because it has, among other features, an asymmetrical haptor, a seminal receptacle, a smooth oötype, and an egg with two elongate filaments. It differs from Neonchocotyle pastinacae, the only congener, by having a small body (821 long by 315 wide, length to width = 2.6:1), two pairs of microhooks between the haptoral appendix suckers, extracaecal (submarginal) vaginal pores, and 5-9 testes. This is the first record of a species of Neonchocotyle in the Gulf of Mexico, the first monogenean reported from P. lentiginosus in Mexico and the second species of Hexabothriidae reported from Mexico.

Resumo Neonchocotyle violantei n. sp. (Monogenea: Hexabothriidae) infecta brânquia de Pseudobatos lentiginosus, (Rhinopristiformes, Rhinobatidae) de águas litorâneas ao largo da costa de Celestún, Yucatán, México. É atribuído a Neonchocotyle porque tem, entre outras características, um haptor assimétrico, um receptáculo seminal, um tipo oótipo liso e um ovo com dois filamentos alongados. Difere de Neonchocotyle pastinacae, o único congênere, por ter um corpo pequeno (821 de comprimento por 315 de largura, comprimento a largura = 2,6: 1), dois pares de microganchos entre as ventosas do apêndice haptoral, poros vaginais extracaecais (submarginal) e 5-9 testículos. Este é o primeiro registro de uma espécie de Neonchocotyle no Golfo do México, o primeiro monogenético registrado em P. lentiginosus no México e a segunda espécie de Hexabothriidae relatada no México.

A new species of Acanthobothrium (Eucestoda: Onchobothriidae) in Aetobatus cf. narinari (Myliobatidae) from Campeche, México / Uma nova espécie de Acanthobothrium (Eucestoda: Onchobothriidae) em Aetobatus cf. narinari (Myliobatidae) de Campeche, México

Abstract The helminthological examination of nine individuals of Aetobatus cf. narinari (spotted eagle ray; raya pinta; arraia pintada) revealed the presence of an undescribed species of cestode of the genus Acanthobothrium. The stingrays were collected from four locations in México: Laguna Términos, south of Isla del Carmen and the marine waters north of Isla del Carmen and Champotón, in the State of Campeche, and Isla Holbox, State of Quintana Roo. The new species, nominated Acanthobothrium marquesi, is a category 3 species (i.e, the strobila is long, has more than 50 proglottids, the numerous testicles greater than 80, and has asymmetrically-lobed ovaries); at the present, the only category 3 species that has been reported in the Western Atlantic Ocean is Acanthobothrium tortum. Acanthobothrium marquesi n. sp. can be distinguished from A. tortum by length (26.1 cm vs. 10.6 cm), greater number of proglottids (1,549 vs. 656), a larger scolex (707 µm long by 872 µm wide vs. 699 µm long by 665 µm wide), larger bothridia (626 µm long by 274 µm wide vs. 563 µm long by 238 µm wide). This is the first report of a species of Acanthobothrium from the Mexican coast of the Gulf México.

Resumo O exame helmintológico do trato digestivo de nove espécimes de Aetobatus cf. narinari (arraia pintada) revelou a presença de uma nova espécie de cestódeo do gênero Acanthobothrium. As arraias foram coletadas de quatro locais no México: Laguna Términos, ao sul de Isla del Carmen e nas águas marinhas ao norte de Isla del Carmen e Champotón, no estado de Campeche, e Isla Holbox, estado de Quintana Roo. A nova espécie foi denominada Acanthobothrium marquesi, pertencente a uma espécie da categoria 3 (estrobilo longo, tendo mais de 50 proglotes, numerosos testículos, superiores a 80, e ovários assimetricamente lobados). Apenas outra espécie deste gênero, Acanthobothrium tortum pertence a categoria 3, no Oceano Atlântico Ocidental. Acanthobothrium marquesi n. sp. se distingue de A. tortum por ser mais longo (26,1 cm vs. 10,6 cm), possuir maior número de proglotes (1.549 vs. 656), ter um escolex maior (707 µm de comprimento por 872 µm de largura vs. 699 µm de comprimento por 666 µm de largura), e botridias maiores (626 µm de comprimento por 274 µm de largura vs. 563 µm de comprimento por 238 µm de largura). Este é o primeiro relato de uma espécie de Acanthobothrium do Golfo do México.

A family-based association study of the HTR1B gene in eating disorders

Objective: To explore the association of three polymorphisms of the serotonin receptor 1Dβ gene (HTR1B) in the etiology of eating disorders and their relationship with clinical characteristics. Methods: We analyzed the G861C, A-161T, and A1180G polymorphisms of the HTR1B gene through a family-based association test (FBAT) in 245 nuclear families. The sample was stratified into anorexia nervosa (AN) spectrum and bulimia nervosa (BN) spectrum. In addition, we performed a quantitative FBAT analysis of anxiety severity, depression severity, and Yale-Brown-Cornell Eating Disorders Scale (YBC-EDS) in the AN and BN-spectrum groups. Results: FBAT analysis of the A-161T polymorphism found preferential transmission of allele A-161 in the overall sample. This association was stronger when the sample was stratified by spectrums, showing transmission disequilibrium between the A-161 allele and BN spectrum (z = 2.871, p = 0.004). Quantitative trait analysis showed an association between severity of anxiety symptoms and the C861 allele in AN-spectrum participants (z = 2.871, p = 0.004). We found no associations on analysis of depression severity or preoccupation and ritual scores in AN or BN-spectrum participants. Conclusions: Our preliminary findings suggest a role of the HTR1B gene in susceptibility to development of BN subtypes. Furthermore, this gene might have an impact on the severity of anxiety in AN-spectrum patients.

Determinación, por PCR, de Salmonella Enteritidis FT 13 A y Salmonella Issatschenko en muestras de pollitos infectados experimentalmente / Determination of Salmonella Enteritidis FT 13 A and Salmonella Issatschenko by PCR in samples of chicks experimentally infected

The objective of this work was to determine by PCR the presence of Salmonella Enteritidis FT-13A (SE) and Salmonella Issatschenko (SI) in different samples of organs from 4 days old chicks experimentally infected. Four days old chicks were inoculated with SE and SI and their organs were frozen for DNAextraction to perform classic and nested PCR. It was possible to demonstrate the presence of SE and SI after 6 hours after experimental infection (AEI), but as time passed AEI positive results were inconsistent, obtaining negative results until 174 hours AEI. PCR is useful for detecting SE and SI in the early hours AEI. It is recommended to use pre-enrichment of the samples, in order to facilitate the DNA extraction and the detection of Salmonella by PCR.

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar por medio de esta prueba, la presencia de Salmonella Enteritidis FT-13A (SE) y de Salmonella Issatschenko (SI), en diferentes muestras de órganos de pollitos de 4 días de edad infectados experimentalmente. Se emplearon órganos congelados de pollitos de 4 días de edad inoculados experimentalmente con SE y SI, para extraer el ADN y realizar la PCR clásica y anidada. Se logró detectar SE y SI desde las 6 horas posinfección experimental (PIE), pero conforme pasó el tiempo PIE, los resultados positivos fueron inconsistentes, obteniendo resultados negativos hasta las 174 horas PIE. Se concluyó que la PCR es útil para detectar SE y SI en las primeras horas PIE. Se sugiere utilizar pre-enriquecimiento de las muestras, para facilitar la extracción de ADN y la detección de Salmonella por medio de la PCR.

Afectaciones a la salud por efecto de metales tóxicos en la población de Xochitlán, Hidalgo, México / Affectations of health by toxic metals in population of Xochitlán, Hidalgo, Mexico

Determinar niveles de bioacumulación de metales (Cd, Cr, Pb y Al) en tejidos y fluidos corporales de los habitantes de Xochitlán, Estado de Hidalgo, ha sido el objetivo de este estudio. Con vistas a realizar valoraciones de riesgo y probables daños a la salud de sus pobladores, se inició el estudio con una caracterización sociodemográfica, con pobladores de entre seis y 90 años de edad. Como criterio de exclusión se consideró: malformaciones congénitas, padecimientos inmunosupresivos y menos de cinco años de residencia en la localidad. Se presentó una pirámide poblacional invertida; de un total de 1947 habitantes, la población de entre 10 y 19 años ocupa el centro de la pirámide, que adelgaza en los extremos de la vida (5 > X > 60 años). Se ha propuesto una metodología, combinada con los lineamientos establecidos por la Agencia Para Sustancias Tóxicas y Registro de Enfermedades (ATSDR 2000) y la Agencia de Protección Ambiental de Estados Unidos (U.S. EPA 2005) y adicionando un instrumento de encuesta (anamnesis clínica) para la caracterización de individuos y poblaciones con amplio enfoque clínico. De la interrelación de concentraciones de metales en fluidos y tejidos con aspectos de riesgos ambientales, se podrá decantar un diagnóstico situacional actual, retrospectivo y una visión a futuro sobre el comportamiento de la contaminación y su impacto en factores de salud. La bioacumulación de metales evaluados estuvo presente entodos los fluidos y tejidos de los pobladores seleccionados de entre seis y 90 años de edad. Se ha encontrado relación entre estos resultados y los de estudios previos de acumulación de metales en aguas, suelos y cultivos.

To determine levels of metal bio accumulation (Cd, Cr, Pb and Al) in weaves and corporal fluids of the inhabitants of Xochitlán, Hidalgo, has been the objective of this study. With a view to realising valuations of risk and probable damages to the health of its settlers, the study with a sociodemographic characterization began, with settlers between six and 90 years of age. As exclusion criterion were considered, congenital malformations, immuno suppressive sufferings and less than five years of residence in the locality. An inverted population pyramid appeared; of a total of 1947 inhabitants, the population between 10 and 19 years occupies the center of the pyramid, that thins in the ends of the life (5> X> 60 years). A methodology, combined with the established by the ATSDR and the EPA has seted out and adding an instrument of survey (clinical anamnesis) for the characterization of individuals and populations with ample clinical approach. Of the interrelation of flowed and woven metal concentrations in, with aspects of environmental risks it will be possible to be poured off a present, retrospective situational diagnosis and a vision to future, on the behavior of the contamination and its impact in health factors. The evaluated metal bio accumulation was present in all the fluids and weaves of the settlers selected between six and 90 years of age. One has been a relation between these results and those of previous studies of metal accumulation in waters, grounds and cultures.

Evaluación fisicoquímica, microbiológica y toxicológica de la degradación ambiental del río atoyac, México / Physicochemical, microbiological and toxicological evaluation of the environmental degradation of the atoyac river, Mexico / Avaliação fisicoquímica, microbiológica e toxicológica da degradação ambiental do rio atoyac, México

Desde 1995 se ha registrado un alto grado de deterioro en el río Atoyac, México, debido a los asentamientos humanos e industriales. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la condición actual del río y establecer la relación entre los parámetros de la legislación vigente y las pruebas de toxicidad y mutagenicidad. Se determinaron parámetros de campo (color, olor, temperatura, CE, pH, OD), fisicoquímicos (SST, SDT, SSe, DBO5, DQO y GyA, Ntotal, Norg, Ptotal, Porg, ortofosfatos), metales pesados (As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Cr+6, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn, Al, Fe, Mn), microbiológicos (coliformes fecales) con base en los límites máximos permisibles (LMP) en la NOM-001-ECOL-1996 y en los CE-CCA-001/89, análisis de toxicidad (Vibrio fischeri, Daphnia magna) y mutagenicidad (prueba de Ames con microsomas/Salmonella typhimurium), en época de sequía en nueve estaciones a lo largo de 85km. Los valores para OD, DBO5 y DQO fueron de 2-6, 11-270 y 22-1841mg·l-1, respectivamente. Los metales fueron detectados por debajo de los LMP en todas las estaciones, excepto en la estación 5 (0,002mg·l-1 de Hg) y la 8 (0,13mg·l-1 de Cr+6). Los coliformes fecales rebasaron los LMP en todas las estaciones. Los valores para Vibrio fischeri, Daphnia magna y se encuentran en 2-28 y 1-4UT, y para la prueba de Ames entre 5 y 63RM, indicando toxicidad y mutagenicidad desde la estación 3 a la 9. Se registró contaminación alta según la legislación vigente y un riesgo para la salud pública de acuerdo a los parámetros toxicológicos y mutagénicos.

A high degree of deterioration has been registered in the Atoyac river, Mexico, since 1995, due to local residences and industrial development. The aim of this study was to evaluate current environmental conditions at nine stations during the drought season along 85km of the river and to establish the relationship between current legislation parameters and toxicity and mutagenicity tests. Environmental quality was quantified using field observations (color, odor, temperature, CE, pH, and DO), physicochemical (SST, SDT, SSe, DBO5, DQO, GyA, Ntotal, Norg, Ptotal, Porg and orthophosphates), heavy metals (As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Cr+6, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn, Al, Fe y Mn), microbiological (fecal coliforms) by comparison with the maximum permissible level (MPL) NOM-001-ECOL-1996 and CE-CCA-001/89, and toxicity (Vibrio fischeri, Daphnia magna) and mutagenicity (Salmonella/microsome, or Ames test) analysis. Values for DO, DBO5 and DQO were 2-6, 11-270 and 22-1841mg·l-1, respectively. Concentrations of heavy metals were below the MPL except at stations 5 (0.002mg·l-1 Hg) and 8 (0.13mg·l-1 Cr+6). Fecal coliform bacteria were above the MPL at all stations. Values for Vibrio fischeri, Daphnia magna and the Ames test were 2-28 UT, 1-4 UT and 5-63 RM, respectively, which indicated toxicity and mutagenicity from stations 3 to 9. The high level of contamination in this zone indicates that it is necessary to evaluate adherence to approved standards and to modify the existing regulations in order to include additional contamination parameters.

Desde 1995 tem sido registrado um alto grau de deterioração no rio Atoyac, México, devido aos assentamentos humanos e industriais. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a condição atual do rio e estabelecer a relação entre os parâmetros da legislação vigente e as provas de toxicidade e mutagenicidade. Determinaram-se parâmetros de campo (cor, olor, temperatura, CE, pH, OD), fisicoquímicos (SST, SDT, SSe, DBO5, DQO e GyA, Ntotal, Norg, Ptotal, Porg, ortofosfatos), metais pesados (As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Cr+6, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn, Al, Fe, Mn), microbiológicos (coliformes fecais) baseados nos limites máximos permissíveis (LMP) na NOM-001-ECOL-1996 e nos CE-CCA-001/89, análises de toxicidade (Vibrio fischeri, Daphnia magna) e mutagenicidade (prova de Ames com microssomas/Salmonella typhimurium), em época de seca em nove estações ao longo de 85km. Os valores para OD, DBO5 e DQO foram de 2-6, 11-270 e 22-1841mg·l-1, respectivamente. Os metais foram detectados por baixo dos LMP em todas as estações, exceto na estação 5 (0,002mg·l-1 de Hg) e a 8 (0,13mg·l-1 de Cr+6). Os coliformes fecais ultrapassaram os LMP em todas as estações. Os valores para Vibrio fischeri, Daphnia magna e se encontram em 2-28 e 1-4UT, e para a prova de Ames entre 5 e 63RM, indicando toxicidade e mutagenicidade desde a estação 3 a 9. Registrou-se contaminação alta segundo a legislação vigente e um risco para a saúde pública pelos parâmetros toxicológicos e mutagênicos.

Patogenia de Salmonella enteritidis FT 13a y Salmonella enteritidis biovar Issatschenko en pollos de engorda / Pathogenesis of Salmonella enteritidis PT 13a and Salmonella enteritidis biovar Issatschenko in broiler chickens

The objective of this study was to determine Salmonella enteritidis phage type 13a (SE PT 13a) and Salmonella enteritidis biovar Issatschenko phage type 6a (SI) pathogenesis in 4 days old broiler chickens. Twenty-eight birds per treatment were inoculated with a dose of 1x10(8) (SE PT 13a) and 1x10(9) (SI), respectively, and fourteen chickens were inoculated with physiological saline solution (PSS) as negative controls. Samples from liver, spleen, heart, lung, crop, duodenum, jejunum, ileum and blind guts were taken during fourteen different times postinfection (6, 18, 30, 42, 54, 78, 102, 126, 150, 174, 198, 222, 246 and 270 hours postinfection (hpi) in order to obtain Salmonella spp isolation for bacteriological, histopathological and ultrastructural examination. During the first week, some depressed birds were observed, and the second week birds were found with yolk sac retention in both treatments. SE PT 13a was isolated at 18, 30, 42, 54, 78, 102, 126, 150, 174, 198, 246 and 270 hpi from all organs previously described. SI was isolated at 42, 150, 174 and 222 hpi, from crop, jejunum, ileum and blind gut samples. Ileum was the main organ where more frequently SE PT 13a and SI were isolated. There was no mortality in either treatments. Histopathology revealed inflammation, coagulative necrosis, congestion and hemorrhages in gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and visceral organs since 6 hpi in both treatments, with lesions from mild to severe. Ultrastructurally changes in enterocytes' cytoplasm: degeneration, necrosis, invasion and penetration of SE PT 13a and SI were observed. Results of this research showed the ability of SE PT 13a as well as SI to penetrate and invade enterocytes in experimentally infected broiler chicken, demonstrating that SI is able to infect broiler chickens and not only Muridae family.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la patogenia de Salmonella enteritidis fagotipo 13a (SE FT 13a) y de Salmonella enteritidis biovar Issatschenko fagotipo 6a (SI) en pollitos de engorda de cuatro días de edad. Veintiocho aves por tratamiento fueron inoculadas con dosis de 1 x 10(8) (SE FT 13a) y 1 x 10(9) (SI), respectivamente, y 14 pollitos fueron inoculados con solución salina fisiológica (SSF), como testigos negativos. Se tomaron muestras de hígado, bazo, corazón, pulmón, buche, duodeno, yeyuno, íleon y ciegos durante 14 tiempos posinfección (6, 18, 30, 42, 54, 78, 102, 126, 150, 174, 198, 222, 246 y 270 horas posinfección (hpi)), para realizar el aislamiento bacteriológico de Salmonella spp, exámenes histopatológico y ultraestructural. Durante la primera semana, se observó que algunas aves estaban deprimidas, y en la segunda semana se encontraron aves con retención de saco vitelino en ambos tratamientos. Se aisló SE FT 13a a partir de las 18, 30, 42, 54, 78, 102, 126, 150, 174, 198, 246 y 270 hpi, en todos los órganos previamente descritos. SI fue aislada a las 42, 150, 174 y 222 hpi de muestras de buche, yeyuno, íleon y ciegos. El íleon fue el órgano de donde se aisló SE FT 13a y SI con mayor frecuencia. No se registró mortalidad en ningún tratamiento. El examen histopatológico reveló inflamación, necrosis coagulativa, congestión y hemorragias en tracto gastrointestinal (TGI) y órganos viscerales a partir de las 6 hpi en ambos tratamientos, con grados de lesión de leve a severo. Ultraestructuralmente se observaron cambios en el citoplasma celular de enterocitos: degeneración, necrosis, invasión y penetración de SE FT 13a y SI. Los resultados de la presente investigación evidenciaron la capacidad de SE FT 13a y SI para penetrar e invadir enterocitos de los pollitos infectados experimentalmente, demostrando que SI es capaz de infectar pollos de engorda y no sólo a la familia Muridae.