Impacto dos aspectos institucionais no aleitamento materno em mulheres trabalhadoras: uma revisão sistemática / Impact of institutional aspects on breastfeeding for working women: a systematic review

Resumo A amamentação é considerada o método ideal de alimentação no início da vida, porém tem baixa prevalência mundial, sendo o trabalho materno um dos obstáculos para a continuidade dessa prática. O objetivo deste artigo é revisar sistematicamente estudos que avaliaram a associação entre aspectos institucionais e aleitamento materno e aleitamento materno exclusivo em mulheres trabalhadoras. Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática da literatura nas bases de dados PubMed, LILACS e SciELO, até junho de 2016 (termos de indexação: breastfeeding, workplace e observational study). Dezoito estudos foram incluídos nesta revisão sistemática, sendo demonstrada associação positiva com a amamentação: o retorno tardio e o não retorno ao trabalho, o trabalho em tempo parcial, a sala de apoio à amamentação, a disponibilidade de tempo para a expressão do leite materno, a consulta com enfermeiro após o retorno ao trabalho e a participação em programa de apoio à amamentação. Associação negativa com a amamentação foi demonstrada em relação ao trabalho em tempo integral. Intervenções simples no local de trabalho e algumas mudanças na política da empresa direcionadas ao incentivo da amamentação podem influenciar positivamente a continuidade dessa prática após as mães retornarem ao trabalho.

Abstract Breastfeeding is considered the ideal feeding method early in life. Despite the scientific evidence, the worldwide prevalence of breastfeeding is low. Maternal work is pointed out as one of the obstacles to maintain this practice. To systematically review studies that evaluated the association between institutional aspects and breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding among working women. A literature search until June 2016 was carried out using PubMed, LILACS, and SciELO (MeSH terms: breastfeeding, workplace and observational study). Eighteen observational studies were included. A positive association with breastfeeding were found for later or not return to work, part-time work, availability or the use of lactation room, breast pumping breaks, professional advice on maintaining breastfeeding after returning to work, and attendance at breastfeeding support program. A negative association with breastfeeding was shown for full-time work. Simple interventions in the workplace and some changes in company policy to encourage breastfeeding can positively influence its maintenance after women return to work.

Relationships between adiponectin levels, the metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes: a literature review

ABSTRACT Elevated hepatic glucose production, impaired insulin secretion, and insulin resistance - abnormalities of glucose metabolism typically found in subjects with obesity - are major factors underlying the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (DM2) and the metabolic syndrome (MS). Adiponectin is a major regulator of glucose and lipid homeostasis via its insulin-sensitizing properties, and lower levels seems to be associated with the development of DM2 and MS. The purpose of this review is to clarify the mechanisms whereby adiponectin relates to the development of DM2 and MS and the association between polymorphisms of the adiponectin gene, circulating levels of the hormone, and its relationships with DM2. In addition, the impact of dietary lipids in the circulating levels of adiponectin will be addressed. According to the literature, circulating adiponectin levels seem to decrease as the number of MS components increases. Lower adiponectin concentrations are associated with higher intra-abdominal fat content. Therefore, adiponectin could link intra-abdominal fat with insulin resistance and development of MS. Therapeutic strategies that target the MS and its components, such as lifestyle modification through physical activity and weight loss, have been shown to increase adiponectin concentrations. Possible roles of diets containing either low or high amounts of fat, or different types of fat, have been analyzed in several studies, with heterogeneous results. Supplementation with n-3 PUFA modestly increases adiponectin levels, whereas conjugated linoleic acid supplementation appears to reduce concentrations when compared with unsaturated fatty acid supplementation used as an active placebo.

Dietary fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: a review

Fatty acids (FAs) can be classified into saturated (SFA), unsaturated (poly- or monounsaturated) and trans FA. Recent studies have found that both the quantity and quality of dietary FAs may influence their role in metabolic pathways. Due to their chemical composition, some FAs play a major role in the development and progression of cardiovascular disease. This is especially true for SFA and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, which include marine eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The proinflammatory effects of high SFA intake may increase the risk of atherosclerosis. On the other hand, dietary n-3 intake may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease by decreasing atherosclerosis, inflammation, and thrombotic processes. The goal of this study was to review the current literature on the role of FA intake in the prevention and risk of cardiovascular disease...