Comparative evaluation of the effect of various irrigants and dry canal on electronic apex locators in locating simulated root perforations: an in vitro study / Avaliação comparativa do efeito de vários irrigantes e canal seco em localizadores apicais eletrônicos na localização de perfurações radiculares simuladas: um estudo in vitro

Objective: this study aimed to evaluate the effects of irrigants and dry canal on the accuracy of electronic apex locator (EAL) in locating simulated root perforations. Material and methods: twenty singlerooted, mandibular premolars were decoronated at CEJ, and the contents were removed with a barbed broach. The canals were instrumented up to a size of 15 K-file. The roots were artificially perforated at 4 mm from the anatomic apex. The actual length (AL) up to the perforation site was determined. The electronic length (EL) of perforations was obtained by Root ZX mini and iRoot in the dry canal and in the presence of 5.2% NaOCl, SmearOff, and 0.9% sodium chloride using a size 20 K-file. The differences between the EL and AL of the perforations were calculated. Statistical analyses using Friedman and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used to analyse the data with the level of significance set at p <0.05. Results: there were significant differences in different canal conditions with both Root ZX mini and i Root. Measurements in dry canals were significantly longer for both apex locators (p <0.05). Measurements with NaOCl were significantly shorter for both apex locators (p < 0.05). Both apex locators produced significantly accurate values for Saline and Smear OFF (p < 0.05). Conclusions: in this study, both Root ZX mini and i Root were affected by different canal conditions. The most accurate measurements were seen in the presence of saline and SmearOFF. (AU)

Objetivo: este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos de irrigantes e canal seco na precisão do localizador apical eletrônico (EAL) em localizar perfurações radiculares simuladas. Material e métodos: vinte pré-molares inferiores unirradiculares tiveram suas coroas removidas na altura da JEC e o tecido pulpar removido com um extirpa nervos. Os canais foram instrumentados até a largura de uma lima k 15. As raízes foram perfuradas artificialmente a 4 mm do ápice anatômico. O comprimento real (AL) até o local da perfuração foi determinado. O comprimento eletrônico (EL) das perfurações foi obtido pelo Root ZX mini e iRoot no canal seco e na presença de 5,2% de NaOCl, SmearOff e 0,9% de cloreto de sódio usando uma lima K tamanho 20. As diferenças entre o EL e o AL das perfurações foram calculadas. Análises estatísticas, utilizando os testes de sinais por postos de Friedman e Wilcoxon, foram realizadas para analisar os dados com o nível de significância estabelecido em p < 0,05. Resultados: houve diferenças significativas nas diferentes condições do canal, tanto no Root ZX mini quanto no i Root. As medidas em canais secos foram significativamente maiores nos dois localizadores apicais (p < 0,05). As medidas com NaOCl foram significativamente mais curtas para os dois localizadores apicais (p<0,05). Ambos os localizadores apicais produziram valores significativamente precisos para Saline e Smear OFF (p < 0,05). Conclusões: neste estudo, tanto o Root ZX mini quanto o i Root foram afetados por diferentes condições do canal. As medidas mais precisa foram observadas na presença de soro fisiológico e SmearOFF. (AU)

Phylogenetic variations found in Indian honeybee species, Apis cerana Fabr. of North Western Ghats of Maharashtra, India

Molecular systematics of honeybee species Apis cerana Fabr. inhabiting North Western Ghats of India have not been investigated till date. This is the first report of phylogenetic variation in Apis cerana bees sampled from five diverse ecotypes of North Western Ghats of Maharashtra, viz. Pune, Nashik, Mahabaleshwar, Bhimashankar and Wai. Over the years, taxonomy of honeybee has been mostly based on morphometric characters. In the present study, we carried out molecular phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequence with respect to COI gene. It was further aimed to confirm the taxonomical status of A. cerana from the Western Ghats of India in comparison with the Asian populations of A. Cerana.

Behavioural perspective of tobacco use among youth of Vidarbha region of Maharashtra state in central part of India / Perspectiva comportamental do uso do tabaco entre jovens da região de Vidarbha, no estado de Maharashtra, na parte central da Índia

Objective: this study was conducted to find out the youth perspective about the use of tobacco and its ill effects. The survey was conducted at a private Engineering college of Nagpur, Maharashtra India. Material and Methods: a cross-sectional study with self-administered modified Global youth tobacco survey (GYTS) questionnaire was used for data collection. Eight hundred nine college students of age group between 17 year-24years were included in this study. The questionnaire comprised of information on socio-demographic characteristics and questionnaire was used to gather data on knowledge, attitude and practices of participants about tobacco use. Data analysis was performed by using chi-square test and Statistical significance was measured at a level of 0.05. Results: out of 806 total participants, 136 (16.8) were current tobacco consumers, significantly high prevalence of tobacco use was observed among boys 106 (13.1) than girls 30 (3.7). Moreover, a higher number of boys 106 (13.1) started smoking at young adolescent age (13- 20 years) than girls30 (3.7). Conclusions: the findings in the study suggest that tobacco use is still an important risk behavior amongst students. Tobacco use was comparatively higher amongst boys though its use is not restricted to them only. There is a need to plan to gather nationwide baseline data on the use of tobacco by young adolescents and the factors associated with initiation of tobacco habit. (AU)

Objetivo: Este estudo foi realizado para descobrir a perspectiva dos jovens sobre o uso do tabaco e seus efeitos nocivos. A pesquisa foi realizada em uma faculdade de engenharia privada de Nagpur, na Índia Maharashtra. Material e Métodos: Foi utilizado um estudo transversal com questionário autoadministrado de pesquisa global de tabaco juvenil modificado (GYTS) para coleta de dados. Oitocentos e nove estudantes universitários de faixa etária entre 17 e 24 anos foram incluídos neste estudo. Utilizou-se o questionário composto por informações sobre características sociodemográficas e para coleta de dados sobre conhecimentos, atitudes e práticas dos participantes em relação ao uso do tabaco. A análise dos dados foi realizada pelo teste do qui-quadrado e a significância estatística foi medida em um nível de 0,05. Resultados: Dos 806 participantes no total, 136 (16,8) eram consumidores atuais de tabaco com prevalência significativamente mais alta entre os meninos 106 (13,1) do que as meninas 30 (3,7). Além disso, um número maior de meninos 106 (13,1) começou a fumar na adolescência (13 a 20 anos) comparado ao número de meninas 30 (3,7). Conclusões: Os achados do estudo sugerem que o uso de tabaco ainda é um importante fator de risco comportamental entre os estudantes. O tabagismo foi comparativamente maior entre os meninos, embora seu uso não seja restrito apenas a eles. Há uma necessidade de planejar a coleta de dados de referência nacionais sobre o uso de tabaco por jovens adolescentes e os fatores associados ao início do hábito do tabagismo. (AU)

The concept of Clinical Supervision at workplace

Clinical supervision is a professional relationship and is much crucial and demanding at clinical workplaces. Effective clinical supervision provides direction to ethical practice in clinical setting which benefits the organization and clinician. This article outlines evidence-based real-world advices related to reflective practice, effective feedback and evaluation of supervision which are collected from various literatures that will empower health professionals to efficiently and effectively perform clinical supervision at workplaces.

Comparison of two different matrix band systems in restoring two surface cavities in posterior teeth done by senior undergraduate students at Qassim University, Saudi Arabia: A randomized controlled clinical trial

Dental students commonly face the problem of overhanging proximal margins and unsatisfactory proximal contact points (PCPs) while restoring Class II cavities in posterior teeth. Various matrix band systems are used in dental clinics to avoid such problems. Aims: The aim of this study is to compare the effects of two matrix band systems, circumferential matrix system and sectional matrix system on the PCPs and contours when restoring Class II cavities in posterior teeth. Settings and Design: This was a randomized controlled clinical trial done at College of Dentistry, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia. Subjects and Methods: Total 1200 Class II cavities in teeth were selected for this study. Treatment was done by senior undergraduate students. Cavities were randomly divided into two groups. Group 1: Total 600 cavities were restored using circumferential band system. Group 2: Total 600 cavities were restored using sectional band system. Teeth were restored either with the composite or the amalgam restoration. Contact points were evaluated. The presence or absence of proximal overhangs was assessed. Overhanging margins were categorized as positive overhangs, negative overhangs, and absent overhangs. Statistical Analysis Used: To identify the relationship between matrix band systems and other factors, Chi-square tests (χ2-tests) and Z-tests were used. Pearson correlation coefficient was computed and logistic regression analysis was carried out to assess variables that can affect proximal margins and contact points of final restorations. Results: All optimum contacts 389 (100%) were found in restorations done using sectional band system. A highly significant association was found between open contact points and negative overhanging margins with the use of circumferential matrix band system (P < 0.00). Conclusion: Sectional matrix band system has been found superior to circumferential matrix band system.