Histamine receptors; responses and modulations towards agonist and antagonist on the rabbit ileum, in vitro study

This research work deals with the mechanism of action involved in determining the therapeutic potential of histamine and its blockers in gastrointestinal motility. Rabbits of equal weights were used in this study. They were brought from the animal house of BMSI, sacrificed in the Pharmacology Research laboratory. lleum strip were isolated and with special recommended methodology, longitudinal and circular muscles were separated. Individual muscle strip were then exposed separately to the desired drugs in the organ bath and reading were recorded on the polygraph machine. Basic Medical Sciences Institute, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi. 1996 to 1998. Histamine increases the contractile effects of longitudinal and circular muscle. H[1] and H[2] blockers potentiate its effects on longitudinal muscle while in circular muscle no change was observed with H[1] blocker whereas H[2] blocker antagonized the histaminic effects. However when H[1] blocker applied directly it increases the amplitude of contraction in longitudinal and circular muscle whereas H[2] blocker decreases the height of contractions. Histamine in the presence of H[1] and H[2] blocker augmented their effects in longitudinal muscle and antagonizes in circular layer. Gastrointestinal motility can be controlled through histamine and its antagonist. New drugs can be formulated on the basis of this study for the regulation of intestinal motility

Problems faced by the nurses during duty hours

To find out the job related problems faced by nurses during duty hours and to know their effects on their personal life, behavior with colleagues, senior nurses, administrators and patients. A Cross sectional study. Allied Hospital Faisalabad, a tertiary care health Institution attached with Punjab Medical College [PMC] Faisalabad. From 1[st] May to 30[th] June 2007. The study was conducted among the charge nurses and student nurses working in Allied Hospital Faisalabad. Data were collected by convenient sampling of 100 nurses, through structured questionnaire which were tabulated and analyzed. A total of 100 nurses participated, out of which 34% were charge nurses and 66% were student nurses. Needle prick injury was the most common accidental hazard among student nurses [48%] and charge nurses [35%], as the P. value was 0.189 so there was no significance difference/association between the two groups of nurses. Musculo-skeletal Problems were commonly found among [23%] charge nurses whereas [15%] student nurses also experienced musculo-skeletal pains during duty hours, as the P. value was 0.189 so there was no significance difference/association between the two groups of nurses related to Musculoskeletal Problems. Regarding problems due to work overload, irritability [35%], sleep disturbances [18%], emotional instability [35%], and mental stress [35%] were found among charge nurses whereas headache [33%], mental stress [27%] and emotional instability [33%] were reported in student nurses. Latex allergy was found among [36%] of charge nurses while [18%] student nurses also reported the same problem due to use of rubber gloves, Twenty-two [33%] student nurses had lack of support from seniors and [39%] students reported difficulty in communication with physicians and senior nursing administrators, whereas [35%] among charge nurses had communication problems with their seniors. As the P value was 0.659, so there was no significance difference / association between the two groups of nurses regarding support from seniors and communication. Needle prick injury was more common among student nurses whereas problems due to work overload were found in majority of charge nurses. Day to day problems faced by the nurses during duty hours could be reduced or prevented through the appropriate measures by concerned authorities