The relationship between precarious employment and subjective well-being in Korean wage workers through the Cantril ladder Scale

Background@#The global labor market is moving towards increasing job instability. Relatively few studies have examined the relationship between precarious employment and subjective well-being using quantitative scales. We evaluated the association between wage workers' employment status and their subjective well-being through the Cantril ladder scale using Korean Welfare Panel Survey data (KOWEPS). @*Methods@#This study used KOWEPS data. A total of 4,423 wage workers were divided into permanently employed workers, temporarily employed workers and daily employed workers.The relationship between precarious employment and subjective well-being was analyzed by multiple linear regression adjusted for potential confounding factors. @*Results@#The more unstable the employment status, the lower the subjective well-being, which can be expressed by the Cantril ladder scale. The mean score of both temporarily employed and daily employed workers were statistically significantly lower (B = −0.454, p < 0.001; B = −0.994, p < 0.001, respectively) than permanently employed workers. This appeared to be the same when occupational and sociodemographic factors were adjusted (B = −0.153, p = 0.002 for temporarily employed, B = −0.610, p < 0.001 for daily employed). @*Conclusions@#The more unstable the employment status, the lower the subjective well-being score according to the Cantril ladder scale.

Longitudinal associations between occupational stress and depressive symptoms

Background@#Most of the studies that have examined the association between the sub-factors of occupational stress and depressive symptoms have used cross-sectional data. However, our study has longitudinally measured the occupational stress and depressive symptoms of Korean workers of a semiconductor manufacturing company across six years to intending to investigate the associations between the sub-factors of occupational stress and depressive symptoms using longitudinal data. @*Methods@#Data collected from the workers of a semiconductor manufacturing company.Out of 1,013 recruited workers, 405 (40.0%) completed the survey questionnaires at 3 and 6-year follow-ups. Occupational stress was measured using a shorter version of the Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS), whereas depressive symptoms were assessed using the Korean version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depressive Symptoms Scale (CES-D). The data of male and female participants independently analyzed. Longitudinal associations were analyzed using panel data analysis with fixed effects. @*Results@#In panel data analysis with fixed effects, job insecurity (B = 0.048, p-value = 0.004) was associated with depressive symptoms among male workers. In female workers, inadequate social support (B = 0.080, p-value < 0.001), job insecurity (B = 0.039, p-value = 0.004), lack of reward (B = 0.059, p-value = 0.004) and discomfort in occupational climate (B = 0.074, p-value < 0.001) were associated with depressive symptoms among female workers. @*Conclusions@#Temporal changes in the sub-factors of occupational stress were associated with changes in depressive symptoms within the same period. There was a gender difference in occupational stress sub-factors related to depressive symptoms.

The relationship between precarious employment and subjective well-being in Korean wage workers through the Cantril ladder Scale

Background@#The global labor market is moving towards increasing job instability. Relatively few studies have examined the relationship between precarious employment and subjective well-being using quantitative scales. We evaluated the association between wage workers' employment status and their subjective well-being through the Cantril ladder scale using Korean Welfare Panel Survey data (KOWEPS). @*Methods@#This study used KOWEPS data. A total of 4,423 wage workers were divided into permanently employed workers, temporarily employed workers and daily employed workers.The relationship between precarious employment and subjective well-being was analyzed by multiple linear regression adjusted for potential confounding factors. @*Results@#The more unstable the employment status, the lower the subjective well-being, which can be expressed by the Cantril ladder scale. The mean score of both temporarily employed and daily employed workers were statistically significantly lower (B = −0.454, p < 0.001; B = −0.994, p < 0.001, respectively) than permanently employed workers. This appeared to be the same when occupational and sociodemographic factors were adjusted (B = −0.153, p = 0.002 for temporarily employed, B = −0.610, p < 0.001 for daily employed). @*Conclusions@#The more unstable the employment status, the lower the subjective well-being score according to the Cantril ladder scale.

Longitudinal associations between occupational stress and depressive symptoms

Background@#Most of the studies that have examined the association between the sub-factors of occupational stress and depressive symptoms have used cross-sectional data. However, our study has longitudinally measured the occupational stress and depressive symptoms of Korean workers of a semiconductor manufacturing company across six years to intending to investigate the associations between the sub-factors of occupational stress and depressive symptoms using longitudinal data. @*Methods@#Data collected from the workers of a semiconductor manufacturing company.Out of 1,013 recruited workers, 405 (40.0%) completed the survey questionnaires at 3 and 6-year follow-ups. Occupational stress was measured using a shorter version of the Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS), whereas depressive symptoms were assessed using the Korean version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depressive Symptoms Scale (CES-D). The data of male and female participants independently analyzed. Longitudinal associations were analyzed using panel data analysis with fixed effects. @*Results@#In panel data analysis with fixed effects, job insecurity (B = 0.048, p-value = 0.004) was associated with depressive symptoms among male workers. In female workers, inadequate social support (B = 0.080, p-value < 0.001), job insecurity (B = 0.039, p-value = 0.004), lack of reward (B = 0.059, p-value = 0.004) and discomfort in occupational climate (B = 0.074, p-value < 0.001) were associated with depressive symptoms among female workers. @*Conclusions@#Temporal changes in the sub-factors of occupational stress were associated with changes in depressive symptoms within the same period. There was a gender difference in occupational stress sub-factors related to depressive symptoms.

Relationship between occupational sunlight exposure and the incidence of renal cancer

BACKGROUND: The risk factors for renal cancer include smoking, obesity, hypertension, and exposure to trichloroethylene. Recent studies have shown that low sunlight exposure increases the risk of developing a range of cancers, including renal cancer. Given that most of the daytime is spent at work, a lack of occupational sunlight exposure can be a risk factor for renal cancer. Therefore, this study examined the relationship between occupational sunlight exposure and the incidence of renal cancer. METHODS: This was a university hospital-based case-control study on renal cancer. Of the 706 newly diagnosed patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC), 633 cases were selected; 73 who had no occupational history were excluded. In addition, 633 controls were selected from the general population after 1:1 matching with respect to sex, age (within 5 years), and residential area (constituency-level). Information on sunlight exposure by the occupational group was referred to data from France. To estimate the association between occupational sunlight exposure and the RCC risk, the odds ratios (ORs) were calculated using conditional logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Sunlight exposure was divided into quartiles and the risk of RCC was analyzed. The adjusted OR of RCC (OR: 0.664, 95% confidence interval: 0.449–0.983) was significantly lower for the Q4 group than Q1 group but the Q2 and Q3 groups did not show significant results. The risk of RCC tended to decrease with increasing exposure to sunlight (p for trend < 0.028). CONCLUSIONS: Higher occupational sunlight exposure reduces the risk of RCC.

Satisfaction with life and the risk of occupational injury

BACKGROUND: Occupational injuries increase burden on society as well as personal health. Low satisfaction with life may not only increases the risk of occupational injuries directly, but also influences other factors that increase the risk of occupational injury. Along with previous studies on the risk of occupational injury, we sought to explore the relationship between satisfaction with life and occupational injury. METHODS: The study participants were 6234workers health screened at a university hospital in Incheon. Information on occupational injury and satisfaction with life scale (SWLS) was obtained in a self-report format. Participants were allocated to one of four SWLS groups; the dissatisfied group, the slightly dissatisfied group, the slightly satisfied group, and the satisfied group. The analysis was performed using the chi-square test primarily and by logistic regression adjusted for potential confounders. RESULTS: In men, the un-adjusted and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of low satisfaction with life (SWLS< 20) were 1.98(CI1.55–2.53) and 1.81(CI 1.41–2.32), respectively. When the SWLS were divided into four groups, the adjusted ORs of the slightly satisfied (20–25), slightly dissatisfied(15–19), and dissatisfied(≤14) groups were 1.21, 1.72, and 2.70, respectively. That is ORs tended to increase linearly with decreasing SWLS score (p for trend < 0.001). In women, this relation was of borderline significance at best. When subjects were dichotomized based on SWLS scores, for males, the cured and adjusted RRs of occupational injury in the low satisfaction with life group were1.91 (95% CI: 1.50–2.42) and 1.66 (95% CI: 1.30–2.13), and for females, the adjusted-RR was marginally significant (1.67; 95% CI: 0.93–2.99). When subjects were divided into four groups by SWLS scores, adjusted RRs tended to increase linearly with decreasing SWLS score for males (slightly satisfied: 1.18, 95% CI: 0.77–1.82; slightly dissatisfied: 1.65, 95% CI: 1.08–2.52; dissatisfied: 2.22, 95% CI: 1.44–3.42; p for trend < 0.001) and for females (slightly satisfied: 1.17, 95% CI: 0.42–3.30; slightly dissatisfied: 1.56, 95% CI: 0.56–4.36; dissatisfied: 2.38, 95% CI: 0.84–6.74; p for trend = 0.040). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that the risk of occupational injury was higher in workers not satisfied with life, and indicates attention to satisfaction with life may promote the health of workers.

Sleep quality in rheumatoid arthritis, and its association with disease activity in a Korean population

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The aim of this study was to compare the sleep quality between rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and healthy controls; and to evaluate the relationship between RA disease activity and sleep quality in Korea. METHODS: A total of 130 RA patients and 67 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were enrolled in a comparative study of sleep quality using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Age, gender, concomitant medication, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, serum C-reactive protein, Beck Depression Inventory second edition (BDI-II), 28 joints disease activity score (DAS28), pain visual analog scale (VAS), and PSQI were analyzed as covariates. We also analyzed the sleep quality of RA patients according to the disease activity (DAS28 or = 5.1, respectively). RESULTS: The total PSQI score and the frequency of poor sleep quality, were higher in the RA patients (5.62 +/- 4.19, 38.5%) than in the control subjects (3.57 +/- 2.17, 13.4%). The patients with poor sleep quality (PSQI > 5) were older and had a higher BDI-II and VAS score than the patients without sleep disturbance (PSQI < or = 5). The score in subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency, sleep disturbance, daytime dysfunction, total PSQI, and frequency of poor sleep quality were increased when RA activity was high. CONCLUSIONS: Sleep disturbance was observed in RA patients (38.5%), and high RA disease activity was associated with poor sleep quality in Korea.

Sleep Disturbances in Korean Patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis are Associated with Increased Disease Activity

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of sleep disturbance in Korean patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS), and its association with disease activity and depression. METHODS: Forty patients with AS and eighty healthy controls were included in this study. Sleep quality was assessed using the Korean version of Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI). Depression was assessed by the Korean version of Beck depression inventory second edition (BDI-2). Ankylosing spondylitis disease activity score-C-reactive protein (ASDAS-CRP) was used to evaluate disease activity. Patients were dichotomized into a good sleeper group (PSQI5). RESULTS: The mean total PSQI score of patients with AS was 7.23+/-3.84. It was higher than that of the control subjects. AS patients had higher scores in all of the PSQI components, except for the use of sleep medication. Sixty percent of the AS patients were classified as poor sleepers. The mean BASDAI, ASDAS-CRP, and BDI-2 scores of the poor sleeper group were higher than that of the good sleeper group. Significantly, higher disease activity according to ASDAS-CRP was associated with poor sleep quality and depression. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the duration of morning stiffness and depression were independent risk factors that influenced poor sleep quality. CONCLUSION: Sleep disturbances are prevalent amongst Korean patients with AS. Lower quality of sleep is significantly associated with higher disease activity and depression. Therefore, optimal management to improve sleep quality in patients with AS is important.

Erratum: Title, Introduction: A Case of Propylthiouracil induced Anti-neutrophil Cytoplasm Antibody Positive Pyoderma Gangrenosum

This correction is being published to correct the typo in title and introduction.

A Case of Propylthiouracil induced Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody Positive Pyoderma Gangrenosum

Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) is a rare disease that causes chronic skin ulcers, and it has recently been known to be related to changes in the immune system such as dysfunction of neutrophils. Over 50% of patients with PG have an underlying systemic disease, and rarely are there various medicines causing the disease, including iodide, bromide, and isotretinoin. A 49-year-old man had recurrent skin ulcers in his lower extremities. He had a history of taking propylthiouracil (PTU) for 10 years as a treatment for Graves' disease. Here, we describe a case of PTU-induced ANCA positive PG in a patient with hyperthyroidism, who has been improved after the cessation of PTU.

Two Cases of Hypophosphatemic Osteomalacia After Long-term Low Dose Adefovir Therapy in Chronic Hepatitis B and Literature Review

Adefovir dipivoxil (ADV) is a nucleotide used as long-term therapy of chronic hepatitis B. Many published reports have shown that long-term high-dose therapy with adefovir can be associated with proximal renal tubular dysfunction resulting in significant hypophosphatemia, renal insufficiency and osteomalacia. We have encountered two patients who developed evidence of hypophosphatemic osteomalacia while on long-term low-dose adefovir therapy for chronic hepatitis B. We report on its clinical features and its potential resolution with cessation of the drug and supplementation with phosphate. We also reviewed the other published cases associated with hypophosphatemic osteomalacia after low-dose adefovir therapy. The symptoms and the hypophosphatemia improved after cessation of the drug and supplementation with phosphate in most cases. Patients taking adefovir long-term should receive regular investigation of the phosphate level and renal function.

Glioma Mimicking a Hypertensive Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Here, we report a rare case of an anaplastic astrocytoma masquerading as a hypertensive basal ganglia hemorrhage. A 69-year-old woman who had been under medical management for hypertension during the past 3 years suddenly developed right hemiparesis with dysarthria. Brain computed tomography (CT) scans with contrast and CT angiograms revealed an intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in the left basal ganglia, without an underlying lesion. She was treated conservatively, but underwent a ventriculoperitoneal shunt operation 3 months after the initial attack due to deteriorated mental status and chronic hydrocephalus. Three months later, her mental status deteriorated further. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with gadolinium demonstrated an irregular enhanced mass in which the previous hemorrhage occurred. The final histological diagnosis which made by stereotactic biopsy was an anaplastic astrocytoma. In the present case, the diagnosis of a high grade glioma was delayed due to tumor bleeding mimicking hypertensive ICH. Thus, a careful review of neuroradiological images including MRI with a suspicion of tumor bleeding is needed even in the patients with past medical history of hypertension.

Methylation of eukaryotic elongation factor 2 induced by basic fibroblast growth factor via mitogen-activated protein kinase

Protein arginine methylation is important for a variety of cellular processes including transcriptional regulation, mRNA splicing, DNA repair, nuclear/cytoplasmic shuttling and various signal transduction pathways. However, the role of arginine methylation in protein biosynthesis and the extracellular signals that control arginine methylation are not fully understood. Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) has been identified as a potent stimulator of myofibroblast dedifferentiation into fibroblasts. We demonstrated that symmetric arginine dimethylation of eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2) is induced by bFGF without the change in the expression level of eEF2 in mouse embryo fibroblast NIH3T3 cells. The eEF2 methylation is preceded by ras-raf-mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2)-p21(Cip/WAF1) activation, and suppressed by the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor PD98059 and p21(Cip/WAF1) short interfering RNA (siRNA). We determined that protein arginine methyltransferase 7 (PRMT7) is responsible for the methylation, and that PRMT5 acts as a coordinator. Collectively, we demonstrated that eEF2, a key factor involved in protein translational elongation is symmetrically arginine-methylated in a reversible manner, being regulated by bFGF through MAPK signaling pathway.

Methylation of eukaryotic elongation factor 2 induced by basic fibroblast growth factor via mitogen-activated protein kinase

Protein arginine methylation is important for a variety of cellular processes including transcriptional regulation, mRNA splicing, DNA repair, nuclear/cytoplasmic shuttling and various signal transduction pathways. However, the role of arginine methylation in protein biosynthesis and the extracellular signals that control arginine methylation are not fully understood. Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) has been identified as a potent stimulator of myofibroblast dedifferentiation into fibroblasts. We demonstrated that symmetric arginine dimethylation of eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2) is induced by bFGF without the change in the expression level of eEF2 in mouse embryo fibroblast NIH3T3 cells. The eEF2 methylation is preceded by ras-raf-mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2)-p21(Cip/WAF1) activation, and suppressed by the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor PD98059 and p21(Cip/WAF1) short interfering RNA (siRNA). We determined that protein arginine methyltransferase 7 (PRMT7) is responsible for the methylation, and that PRMT5 acts as a coordinator. Collectively, we demonstrated that eEF2, a key factor involved in protein translational elongation is symmetrically arginine-methylated in a reversible manner, being regulated by bFGF through MAPK signaling pathway.

Clinical outcomes of Asymptomatic Urinary Abnormalities in Adults / 대한신장학회지

PURPOSE: Urinalysis is one of the best methods for early detection of renal disease and recent wide- spread use of mass screening led to increasing prevalence of asymptomatic urinary abnormalities. Usually, primary chronic glomerulonephritis first presents with asymptomatic urinary abnormalities and chronic glomerulonephritis commonly causes end-stage renal disease. However, clinical outcome of asymptomatic urinary abnormalities in adults is not well known. METHODS: Between Jan 1995 to Aug 2009, 333 patients with asymptomatic urinary abnormalities who underwent percutaneous renal biopsy were enrolled. A retrospective study was performed to clarify the prognostic factors and the long-term renal outcome of this disease. RESULTS: According to clinical manifestation, there were 79 (23.7%) of isolated microscopic hematuria, 30 (9.0%) of isolated proteinuria and 224 (67.3%) of mixed hematuria and proteinuria. The patients were significantly younger in case with microscopic hematuria. Group with microscopic hematuria had significantly shorter follow up period (p=0.013). In pathologic diagnosis, IgA nephropathy was most common with 244 patients (73.3%). The proteinuria group and mixed group showed significantly higher rate of progression to chronic renal failure than the microscopic hematuria group (p=0.015). The group that 24-hour proteinuria was more than 0.5 g/day showed significantly higher progression rate to chronic renal failure (p<0.000). Using univariate regression analysis, 3 risk factors for progression to chronic renal failure were identified: age, serum creatinine, 24-hour total urine protein. In multivariate regression analysis, only 24-hour proteinuria was the independent prognostic factor for progression to chronic renal failure. CONCLUSION: IgA nephropathy is the most common cause of asymptomatic urinary abnormalities in adults. The group of proteinuria has higher progression rate to chronic renal failure than other groups. Over 0.5 gm of 24-hour proteinuria is a significant risk factor for progression to chronic renal failure in multivariate regression analysis.

Hospitalization in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients / 대한신장학회지

PURPOSE: Hospitalization as a measure of morbidity in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients is mainly related to peritonitis. And the hospitalization rate is expected to decrease as the peritonitis rate has decreased substantially with development of connectology. Yet there is no internal study on hospitalization. We evaluated hospitalization rates, causes and duration of admission of PD patients, and their prognosis. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 414 patients who started and followed up at least three months at the Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital from January 2003 to December 2008. RESULTS: There were 1,036 admissions in 328 patients during a mean follow-up of 29.9 months. The admission rate was 1.0 per patients-year and hospital days were 17.1 per patients-year. The number of patients admitted once was 102 (31.1%), and more than 5 was 71 (21.7%). The most common cause of hospital admission was peritonitis (36.5%), followed by volume imbalance (13.8%), gastrointestinal disease (6.9%), other infection (6.2%), neurologic disease (5.5%), surgery (5.4%) and cardiac disease (4.3%). Catheter-related problems, including catheter related infection (1.8%) and catheter dysfunction (1.4%) were uncommon. Duration of admission was longest in neurologic disease (18.0+/-19.0) and shortest in catheter-related problems (9.3+/-3). Duration of admission of peritonitis (16.1+/-8.0) was similar to mean duration. Hospitalization was significantly greater in patients with prior history of peritonitis (p<0.000), and longer duration on PD (p<0.000). There were no significant differences in one and five year patient and catheter survival between hospitalized and non-hospitalized PD patients. CONCLUSION: Peritonitis remains a major cause of hospitalization in PD patients. To decrease admissions of PD patients, patient education and attention needs to be focused on preventing peritonitis. Also we should pay more attention to prevent multiple admissions due to recurrent peritonitis.

Late Spontaneous Subcapsular Hematoma in an Allograft Kidney / 대한이식학회지

A spontaneous subcapsular hematoma in an allograft kidney is a rare condition with only a few cases reported in the literature. Common causes of subcapsular hematoma of an allograft include trauma, post-biopsy status, occult malignancy, vascular diseases, and infection. Chronic allograft dysfunction related to spontaneous subcapsular hematoma is extremely rare. We report a case of spontaneous subcapsular hematoma in a patient who underwent a renal transplant 14 years ago in which we could not find an associated condition.

Risk Factors of Catheter Loss Following Peritonitis in Patients on Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis / 대한신장학회지

PURPOSE: Peritoneal dialysis (PD) catheter removal is regarded as an important index of patient morbidity. The aim of this study was to evaluate factors influencing catheter loss following peritonitis in PD patients. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 917 episodes of peritonitis in 621 new CAPD patients from Jan 2001 to Feb. 2009 in Dongsan Medical center. Episodes requiring PD catheter removal were compared by both univariate and multivariate analyses with those in which PD catheters were preserved. RESULTS: When peritonitis episodes requiring PD catheter removal (n=80) were compared to catheter preserved peritonitis episodes (n=837), the incidence of PD catheter loss increased as the duration on PD preceding the peritonitis were longer (p<0.000). Also, PD catheter removal was more likely to occur after peritonitis episodes with low serum albumin level (p=0.009) and high serum CRP level (p<0.000), those with long duration of PD effluent leukocyte count remaining above 100/mm3 (p<0.000), those with concomitant exit site/tunnel infection (p=0.043), and those with presence of abdominal pathology (p<0.000). The microbiological determinants of PD catheter loss included two or more bacteria cultured (p=0.002) and fungi (p<0.000). In multivariate analysis, the duration of PD effluent leukocyte count remaining above 100/mL and the number of organism cultured were independent risk factors of PD catheter removal in peritonitis episodes. CONCLUSION: Duration of PD effluent leukocyte count remaining above 100/mm3, and the number of organisms cultured were independent risk factors for catheter removal following peritonitis.

Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT) in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) Patients with Acute Renal Failure / 대한신장학회지

PURPOSE: The mortality rate in critically ill patients with acute renal failure (ARF) remains unacceptably high, despite numerous advances in dialysis techniques and intensive care medicine. We evaluated clinical characteristics and prognostic factors in ICU patients with ARF requiring continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all ICU patients who received CRRT at the Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital from September 2002 to October 2007. RESULTS: Total number of patients who required CRRT in ICU was 58. The mean age was 58.3+/-14.8 years. The treatment duration of CRRT was 63.5+/-40.7 hours. The mechanical ventilation rate was 82.8%, vasoactive drug 79.3%, sepsis 39.7%. APACHE II score was 25.2+/-7.9, SAPS II score 48.1+/-15.1, CCF score 9.3+/-3.6, the number of organ dysfunction 2.1+/-1.3. Overall mortality rate was 48%. When we compared sepsis group with non-sepsis group, the number of organ dysfunction and severity of illness were significantly higher in sepsis group than that of non-sepsis group. A mortality rate of sepsis group was significantly higher than non-sepsis group (82.6% vs 31.3%, p<0.001). In univariate analysis, significant risk factors for mortality were the number of organ dysfunction, severity of illness, MAP, platelet count, serum albumin level, and a type of hemofilter. Significances of all these factors were lost in multiple linear regression analysis. CONCLUSION: A large scaled, prospective randomized multi-center trials are needed to confirm the beneficial effect of CRRT in patient with ARF in ICU.