Desarrollo de instrumentos para estudiar el impacto en salud de las transformaciones urbanas en contextos de elevada vulnerabilidad: el estudio RUCAS / Developing tools to study the health impact of urban transformations in high vulnerability contexts: the RUCAS study / Desenvolvimento de instrumentos para estudar o impacto na saúde das transformações urbanas em contextos de alta vulnerabilidade: o estudo RUCAS

Este artículo describe el proceso de diseño y las características de un cuestionario y una pauta de observación intradomiciliaria desarrollados para evaluar tanto transversal como longitudinalmente la relación vivienda-barrio-salud en el marco de transformaciones urbanas llevadas a cabo en poblaciones de elevada vulnerabilidad socio-territorial. Los instrumentos se desarrollaron para el estudio longitudinal multimétodos RUCAS (Regeneración Urbana, Calidad de Vida y Salud), un experimento natural cuyo objetivo principal es evaluar el impacto en salud y calidad de vida de un programa de Regeneración de Conjuntos Habitacionales en dos conjuntos de vivienda social en Chile. El diseño de los instrumentos siguió cuatro etapas principales: (1) revisión narrativa de la literatura para definir las dimensiones del estudio, y de instrumentos existentes para identificar ítems apropiados para su medición; (2) validación de contenido con expertos; (3) pre-test; y (4) estudio piloto. El cuestionario resultante, compuesto de 262 ítems, tiene en cuenta las distintas etapas del ciclo vital y cuestiones de género. La pauta de observación intradomiciliaria (77 ítems) es aplicada por el/la encuestadora. Los instrumentos abordan (i) características de la situación residencial actual que sabidamente afectan la salud y serán intervenidas por el programa; (ii) dimensiones de la salud potencialmente afectadas por la situación residencial y/o por la intervención dentro de los plazos del estudio (4 años); (iii) otras condiciones de salud y relacionadas con la salud que sean relevantes, aun cuando no se verán modificadas dentro de los plazos del estudio, y (iv) dimensiones socioeconómicas, ocupacionales y demográficas relevantes. Los instrumentos han mostrado ser una herramienta capaz de abordar la multidimensionalidad de los procesos de transformación urbana en contextos de pobreza urbana en vivienda formal.

This article describes the design and characteristics of a questionnaire and an intradomiciliary observation tool developed to assess the housing-neighborhood-health relationship both cross-sectionally and longitudinally in the context of urban transformations carried out in populations of high socio-territorial vulnerability. The instruments were developed for the multi-method longitudinal study RUCAS (Urban Regeneration, Quality of Life and Health), a natural experiment aiming to assess the quality of life and health impact of a comprehensive Urban Regeneration Program in two social housing complexes in Chile. The design of the instruments followed four main stages: (1) narrative review of the literature to define the dimensions of the study, and of existing measurement instruments to identify appropriate items for measuring them; (2) content validation with experts; (3) pre-test; and (4) pilot study. The resulting questionnaire, composed of 262 items, considers the different stages of the life course and gender issues. The intradomiciliary observation tool (77 items) is applied by the interviewer. The instruments assess (i) characteristics of the current residential situation that are known to affect health and will be intervened by the program; (ii) dimensions of health potentially affected by the residential situation and/or by the intervention within the time frame of the study (4 years); (iii) other health and health-related conditions that are relevant, even if changes will not be modified within the time frame of the study; and (iv) relevant socioeconomic, occupational and demographic dimensions. The instruments have shown to be capable of addressing the multidimensionality of urban transformation processes in contexts of urban poverty in formal housing.

Este artigo descreve o processo de desenho e as características de um questionário e uma diretriz de observação intradomiciliar desenvolvida para avaliar, tanto transversal quanto longitudinalmente, a relação moradia-vizinhança-saúde no âmbito das transformações urbanas realizadas em populações de alta vulnerabilidade sócio-territorial. Os instrumentos foram desenvolvidos para o estudo longitudinal multimétodo RUCAS (Regeneração Urbana, Qualidade de Vida e Saúde), uma experiência natural destinada a avaliar a relação moradia-vizinhança-saúde e o impacto na saúde de um programa de regeneração habitacional em dois conjuntos habitacionais sociais no Chile. A concepção dos instrumentos seguiu quatro etapas principais: (1) revisão narrativa da literatura para definir as dimensões do estudo, e dos instrumentos existentes para identificar itens apropriados para a medição; (2) validação do conteúdo com especialistas; (3) pré-teste; e (4) estudo piloto. O questionário resultante, composto de 262 itens, leva em conta diferentes estágios do ciclo de vida e questões de gênero. A diretriz de observação intradomiciliar (77 itens) é aplicada pelo entrevistador. Os instrumentos abordam (i) características da situação atual da moradia que são conhecidas por afetar a saúde e serão intervencionadas pelo programa; (ii) dimensões da saúde potencialmente afetadas pela moradia e/ou pela intervenção dentro do prazo do estudo (4 anos); (iii) outras condições de saúde e relacionadas à saúde que são relevantes, mesmo que não sejam modificadas dentro do prazo do estudo; e (iv) dimensões sócioeconômicas, ocupacionais e demográficas relevantes. Os instrumentos projetados demonstraram ser uma ferramenta capaz de abordar a multidimensionalidade dos processos de transformação urbana em contextos de pobreza urbana na habitação formal.

Comparación cesáreas de no emergencia y parto normal, en servicios públicos/privados durante los años 2016-2019 en Chile / Comparison of non-emergency cesarean section and normal childbirth, in public/private services during the years 2016-2019 in Chile

Introducción: La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) propuso que el porcentaje de cesáreas debería ser entre un 10 y 15%. Sin embargo, en los últimos años, a nivel mundial, se ha visto un aumento en su realización. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir la población de embarazadas en Chile durante los años 2016-2019 que tuvieron parto vaginal (PV) o cesárea de no emergencia (CNE), y compararlos entre servicio público y privado. Material y Método: Estudio ecológico realizado en embarazadas que se sometieron a CNE o PV en Chile entre los años 2016-2019. Se obtuvieron datos del Departamento de estadística e información de Salud. No se requirió comité de ética. Resultados: Durante el periodo estudiado hubo 57,60% (339.592) de PV y 42,39% (249.925) de CNE. En el sistema público hubo una diferencia de 54,94% (187.046) de PV por sobre el sistema privado. Mientras que la diferencia de CNE en el sistema privado fue un 10,06% (25.153) por sobre el sistema público. Discusión: Durante los cuatro años, las PV superaron a las CNE, sin embargo, las CNE representaron más del 40% del total de nacimientos, superando ampliamente las recomendaciones de la OMS. Las falencias a nivel nacional en el sistema de clasificación, y en la recopilación de datos limitan el desarrollo de estudios más acabados. Conclusión: Para enfrentar las altas cifras de CNE, es necesario unificar, ampliar y regularizar un base de datos nacional que dé paso a la creación de guías y protocolos que limiten el uso mal justificado de CNE.

Introduction: The World Health Organization (WHO) proposed that the percentage of caesarean sections should be between 10 and 15%. However, in recent years, worldwide, there has been an increase in its realization. The objective of this study was to describe the population of pregnant women in Chile during the years 2016-2019 who had a vaginal delivery (VD) or non-emergency cesarean section (NECS), and to compare them between public and private services. Material and Method: Ecological study carried out in pregnant women who underwent NECS or VD in Chile between the years 2016-2019. Data were obtained from the Department of Statistics and Health Information. No ethics committee was required. Results: During the studied period there were 57.60% (339,592) of VD and 42.39% (249,925) of NECS. In the public system there was a difference of 54.94% (187,046) of VD over the private system. While the difference of NECS in the private system was 10.06% (25,153) over the public system. Discussion: During the four years, VD exceeded NECS, however, NECS represented more than 40% of all births, far exceeding the WHO recommendations. Shortcomings at the national level in the classification system and in data collection limit the development of more complete studies. Conclusion: To face the high numbers of NECS, it is necessary to unify, expand and regularize a national database that gives way to the creation of guides and protocols that limit the poorly justified use of NECS.

Mortalidad posoperatoria después de un año del evento quirúrgico en una cohorte de pacientes adultos mayores / One-year postoperative mortality in a cohort of older patients

AIM: To determine one-year postoperative mortality in patients older than 65 years at the Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile. MATERIAL AND METHODS: After approval by the ethics committee, a random sample of 235 patients was obtained from 2,832 patients ≥ 65 years who underwent surgery that required general or regional anesthesia. This sample size was calculated to detect a mortality incidence of 10% ± 5%, with a power of 80%, an  error of 0.05, and a loss of 10%. We recorded the demographic variables together with the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) score from the electronic medical records. While the date of mortality was obtained from the Civil Registry. RESULTS: We studied 233 patients with an age of 73.1 ± 6.3 years, 52.4% were women, and a mean CCI score of 4 (2-11) points. In total 65.7% underwent general anesthesia, 34.3% underwent regional anesthesia, and 24% underwent major surgery. Mortality at 30 days was 1.3% and at one year it was 6%. The patients who died were older and had a higher CCI, especially due to a higher incidence of dementia and solid tumors with metastases. CONCLUSIONS: In our study, postoperative mortality at one year was lower than those reported in older adult patients, and deceased patients were older with more comorbidities, especially with solid tumors with metastases and dementia.

OBJETIVO: Determinar la mortalidad al primer año postoperatorio de pacientes mayores de 65 años en el Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile.MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Tras la aprobación del comité de ética, se obtuvo una muestra aleatoria de 235 pacientes de un total de 2.832 pacientes ≥ 65 años sometidos a una cirugía que requirió de anestesia general o regional. Este tamaño muestral fue calculado para detectar una incidencia de mortalidad de 10% ± 4%, con un poder de 80%, un error  de 0,05 y una pérdida de 10%. Se registraron los antecedentes demográficos, se calculó el puntaje de Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) y se consignó la mortalidad desde el Registro Civil. RESULTADOS: Se estudiaron 233 pacientes con una edad de 73,1 ± 6,3 años, un 52,4% fueron mujeres y una mediana del puntaje CCI de 4 (2-11) puntos. En total 65,7% fue intervenido bajo anestesia general y 34,3% bajo anestesia regional, y 24% fue sometido a una cirugía de alta complejidad. La mortalidad a los 30 días fue de 1,3% y al año fue de 6%. El grupo de pacientes fallecidos se caracterizó por ser más añoso y tener un CCI mayor, especialmente por una mayor incidencia de demencia y tumores con metástasis. CONCLUSIONES: En nuestro estudio se observó una mortalidad postoperatoria al año menor a lo reportado internacionalmente en pacientes adultos mayores. La mortalidad fue mayor en pacientes de mayor edad, con un mayor número de comorbilidades, con tumores sólidos con metástasis y demencia.

Importancia del electrocardiograma en el diagnóstico del infarto agudo al miocardio por obstrucción del tronco común de arteria coronaria izquierda

Acute myocardial infarction caused by thrombosis of left main coronary artery generate acute cardiac failure, cardiogenic shock and death. Along with the clinical history, the electrocardiogram (EKG) is the most useful tool for its recognition and timely management. Classically the EKG shows ST elevation > 1 mm in aVR or V1 with ST depression in the other leads. Urgent coronary angiography with percutaneous coronary angioplasty using drug eluting stents is recommended when the diagnosis is made. We report two cases to exemplify the clinical presentation, EKG and angiographic findings and therapeutic approach.

Estimación del ahorro hospitalario con el reemplazo de inmunosupresores genéricos en trasplante renal / Cost savings after switching from innovative tacrolimus to a generic version of the drug in transplant recipients

Background The use of narrow therapeutic index generic immunosuppressant in solid organ transplantation is controversial. Most experiences switching to these drugs have short term follow-up periods, analyze only pharmacokinetic issues and do not systematically include either complications or cost analyses. Aim To analyze the costs and benefits of switching our kidney transplant recipients from innovative tacrolimus to a generic version of the drug. Material and Methods Fifty-seven stable transplant recipients were switched from innovative tacrolimus to a generic version of the drug, maintaining the same dose. They were followed for eight months recording all events during such period. Results We observed two infectious episodes, five allograft biopsies were performed and two patients had acute rejections. Conclusions From the payer's perspective, if all the costs associated with the change to generic tacrolimus are considered, savings related to a lower cost of the drug translate in a real financial loss for the public health system. The analysis also showed that frequent switches, even from one generic drug to a cheaper one is an even worse strategy to save money.

Examen de detección de virus papiloma humano en el tamizaje de cáncer cervicouterino en un Servicio de Salud de Santiago, Chile / Human papillomavirus testing in cervical cancer screening at a public health service of Santiago, Chile

Background: Molecular techniques for human papillomavirus (HPV) detection have a good performance as screening tests and could be included in cervical cancer early detection programs. We conducted a population-based trial comparing HPV detection and Papanicolaou as primary screening tests, in a public health service in Santiago, Chile. Aim: To describe the experience of implementing this new molecular test and present the main results of the study. Material and Methods: Women aged 25 to 64 enrolled in three public health centers were invited to participate. In all women, samples were collected for Papanicolaou and HPV DNA testing, and naked-eye visual inspection of the cervix with acetic acid was performed. Women with any positive screening test were referred to the local area hospital for diagnostic confirmation with colposcopy and biopsy of suspicious lesions. Results: Screening results were obtained for 8265 women, of whom 931 (11.3%) were positive to any test. The prevalence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or worse (CIN2+) was 1.1%; nine women had invasive cervical cancer. Sensitivities for the detection of CIN2+ were 22.1% (95% confidence interval (CI) 16.4-29.2) for Papanicolaou and 92.7% (95% CI 84.4-96.8) for HPV testing; specificities were 98.9% (95% CI 98.7-99.0) and 92.0% (95% CI 91.4-92.6) respectively. Conclusion: This experience showed that the implementation of a molecular test for cervical cancer screening is not a major challenge in Chile: it was well accepted by both the health team and the participants, and it may improve the effectiveness of the screening program.

Absceso amebiano posquirúrgico / Postsurgical amebian abscess

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de 17 pacientes que desarrollaron un absceso por Entamoeba histolytica como complicación posoperatoria; y fueron los grupos de 30 y 39 años, el sexo femenino aportó el 70,58 % de los casos. Los síntomas y signos más frecuentes fueron: la fiebre, el dolor y el pus. Dentro de las operaciones practicadas las afecciones ginecológicas fueron las que más pacientes presentaron en este estudio; se comprobó que la localización del parásito tuvo mayor incidencia en el hígado, en la piel y en el espacio del Douglas. La presencia del trofozoito se comprobó en el 88% de las muestras tomadas del pus de los pacientes y sólo en las heces fecales el 29% de ellos. El tratamiento quirúrgico se utilizó en el 88%, el medicamento más utilizado fue el metronidazol. Se presentó un fallecido