Endourology and benign prostatic hyperplasia in COVID-19 pandemic

ABSTRACT The new disease COVID-19 pandemic has completely modified our lifestyle, changing our personal habits and daily activities and strongly our professional activity. Following World Health Organization (WHO) and health care authorities around the World recommendations, all elective surgeries from benign diagnose procedures must be postponed and imperatively continue working on emergent and oncological urgent pathologies. Surgical elective treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is not considered as a priority. During BPH endoscopic surgeries, urine and blood are mixed with the irrigation liquid implying a risk of viral presence. Furthermore, a steam and smoke bubble is being accumulated inside the bladder implying the risk of splashing and aerosols. The risks of other viral infections have been identified during endourological procedures and they are related to splashing events. Several studies observed 33-100% of splashing on goggles. All BPH endoscopic procedures must be postponed. In case of complete urinary obstruction, this event can be adequately treated by urethral or suprapubic catheter under local anesthesia. As soon as local COVID-19 prevalence decreases, endourological procedures could be restarted. As protocols are being validating around the World to redeem elective surgeries, a symptomatic obstructed patient could be operated knowing his COVID-19 status with a molecular PCR, a cleaned epidemiological interview with a normal preoperative protocol. If patient is COVID-19+, surgery must be delayed until complete recovery, because mortality could increase as Lei from Wuhan describes. Informed consent must include risks of complications related to COVID-19 disease. Surgery must be performed by an experienced surgeon in order to avoid increase of operating time and risks of complications. Surgical approach of BPH must be considered depending on availability of disposable material, infrastructure, and the epidemiological COVID-19 status of your area. The main aim is patients and healthcare staff safety.

El urocultivo preoperatorio no refleja el status microbiólogico de pacientes sometidos a nefrolitotomía percutánea: mayor estudio multicéntrico en América Latina / Preoperative urine culture does not refledt the microbiological status of patiens undegoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy: Most comprehensive clinical trial in Latin America

Introducción: Entre el 50 por ciento a 10 por ciento de los pacientes sometidos a nefrolitotomía percutánea (NLP) presentará sepsis. Las estrategias de prevención de complicaciones infecciosas actuales, se basan en la información entregada por los cultivos de orina preoperatorios. El objetivo de este estudio es comparar los perfiles microbiológicos entre los cultivos de orina tradicionales preoperatorios, con cultivos del microambiente del cálculo renal (orina de pelvis renal y del cálculo) de pacientes sometidos a NLP.(AU)

Introduction. Between 50 pertcent to 10 pertcent of patients undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) will present sepsis. Current strategies for preventing infectious complications are based on the information provided by preoperative urine cultures. The aim of this study is to compare the microbiological profiles from traditional preoperative urine cultures with cultures from renal microenvironment (renal pelvis urine and kidney stone) of patients undergoing PCNL. Material y Methods. International multicenter prospective clinical trial. The study was conducted from December 2012 to May 2014 in three teaching hospitals, two from Chile and one from Argentina. All patients undergoing PCNL during that period were included. In a prospective fashion, preoperative urine culture, microbiological study of extracted urinary stones and cultures from renal pelvis urine were requested. In each hospital, data regarding patients was submitted through an online questionnaire: Age, sex, comorbidities, type of stone (staghorn or not), size of the stone, isolated bacteria, resistance profile and postoperative infectious complications were filled.(AU)

Violence and social capital in post-conflict Guatemala / Violencia y capital social en la Guatemala posterior al conflicto

OBJECTIVE: Violence in post-conflict Guatemala has serious public health consequences for the population. The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between violence and social capital. METHODS: Data from a cross-sectional victimization survey conducted in 2008 - 2010 in Guatemala were analyzed. Two-stage proportionate sampling was used in the survey. Households (n = 1 300) were randomly sampled within a random sample of communities (n = 118) in five administrative departments. The survey collected information on the six-month violence exposure of 6 335 individuals. Social capital was measured at the household level using the short version of the Adapted Social Capital Tool (SASCAT). The odds ratio for household violence exposure was estimated using multiple logistic regression. Community-level data from the latest national census were included as explanatory factors at the community level. Income, ethnicity, and social capital were included at the household level. Data were analyzed using SPSS 18.0. RESULTS: In total, 2.7% of individuals and 11.7% of households had been exposed to violence within the past six months. The multivariate analysis showed that 1) structural social capital (in this case, the level of participation in social networks and civil society) was a risk factor for violence and 2) cognitive social capital (measured as trust, norms, and sense of belonging) was a protective factor for violence. CONCLUSIONS: The opposite direction of the association between violence and structural and cognitive social capital challenges the use of social capital as a unified concept. If this finding is corroborated by other studies, structural and cognitive social capital will have to be treated as two distinctly different concepts.

OBJETIVO: La violencia en la Guatemala posterior al conflicto tiene graves consecuencias para la salud pública de la población. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la relación entre la violencia y el capital social. MÉTODOS: Se analizaron los datos de una encuesta transversal sobre victimización realizada del 2008 al 2010 en Guatemala. Se empleó el muestreo proporcional en dos etapas. Se obtuvo una muestra aleatoria de hogares (n = 1 300) seleccionados de una muestra aleatoria de comunidades (n = 118) de cinco departamentos administrativos. La encuesta recopiló información sobre la exposición de 6 335 personas a la violencia durante seis meses. El capital social se midió a escala doméstica mediante la versión abreviada de la Herramienta Adaptada de Evaluación del Capital Social (SASCAT, por sus siglas en inglés). Se calculó la razón de posibilidades de exposición a la violencia doméstica mediante regresión logística múltiple. Se incluyeron los datos a escala comunitaria del último censo nacional como factores comunitarios explicativos. A escala doméstica, se incluyeron el nivel de ingresos, el grupo étnico y el capital social. Los datos se analizaron mediante el SPSS 18.0. RESULTADOS: En total, 2,7% de las personas y 11,7% de los hogares se habían visto expuestos a la violencia en los seis últimos meses. El análisis multifactorial mostró que 1) el capital social estructural (en este caso, el nivel de participación en las redes de relaciones sociales y la sociedad civil) constituía un factor de riesgo de violencia; y 2) el capital social cognitivo (medido como la confianza, las normas y el sentido de pertenencia) constituía un factor protector frente a la violencia. CONCLUSIONES: La dirección opuesta de la asociación entre la violencia y el capital social estructural y el cognitivo cuestiona el empleo del capital social como un concepto unificado. Si este hallazgo se corrobora en otros estudios, el capital social estructural y el cognitivo deberán considerarse como dos conceptos marcadamente diferentes.