In vitro and in vivo genotoxicity and cytotoxicity analysis of protein extract from Aplysina fulva sponges

This study evaluated the physicochemical and morphological properties of a marine sponge protein extract (PE) using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), analysis of mass loss and pH and in vitro and in vivo. Scanning electron microscopy showed that PE fibers present a granular aspect and irregular structure and the element carbon followed by oxygen was detected in the EDS analysis. Moreover, a 29% of mass loss was observed after 14 days and the pH slightly modified after 14 days. Cell viability of fibroblast cells (L929) of control and PE at a concentration of 25% demonstrated higher values compared to the groups. Osteoblast cell viability of PE at 25 and 50% was significantly higher. Comet assay on day 1 showed higher values for PE at 25%. In addition, in vivo experiments demonstrated that in the treated animals, the bone defects were filled with biomaterial particles, granulation tissue and some areas of newly formed bone. Furthermore, similar immunoexpression of Runx-2 and Cox-2 was observed. Taken together, all results suggest that PE is biocompatible, present non-citotoxicity in the in vitro studies (at the lower concentration) and in the in vivo studies and it can be considered as an alternative source of collagen for tissue engineering proposals.

Characterization and Biological Performance of Marine Sponge Collagen

Abstract This study characterized the morphological aspects of marine collagen - spongin (SPG) extract from marine sponges, as well as, evaluating its in vitro and in vivo biological performance. Aplysina fulva marine sponge was used for the SPG extraction. It was investigated the physicochemical and morphological properties of SPG by using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and compared to PMMA and bovine collagen. Additionally, the SPG cytotoxicity and its influence on cell proliferation, through in vitro tests. Moreover, the in vivo biological response was investigated using an experimental model of tibial bone defect. The results demonstrated that SPG presented an irregular granular aspect, with a composition of OH, C=O, NH, CN and an amorphous profile. Also, in vitro viability results for the L929 and MC3T3 cell lines cultured with SPG extracts demonstrated normal growth in comparison to controls, except for MC3T3 viability at day 3. For in vivo analysis, using tibial bone defects in rats, SPG treated animals presented an increased rate of material resorption and higher granulation and bone formation deposition in the region of the defect, mainly after 45 days. As a conclusion, SPG was successfully extracted. The in vitro and in vivo studies pointed out that SPG samples produced an increase in L929 and MC3T3 viability and improved the performance in tibial bone defects. It can be concluded that SPG can be used as a bone graft for bone regeneration.

In Vivo Biological Effects of Marine Biosilica on a Tibial Bone Defect in Rats

Abstract Research on biomaterials of natural origin has gained prominence in the literature. Above all, marine sponges, due to their architecture and structural components, present a promising potential for the engineering of bone tissue. In vitro studies demonstrate that a biosilica of marine sponges has osteogenic potential. However, in vivo works are needed to elucidate the interaction of biosilica (BS) and bone tissue. The objective of the study was to evaluate the morphological and chemical characteristics of BS compared to Bioglass (BG) by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray dispersive energy (EDX) spectroscopy. In addition, to evaluate the biological effects of BS, through an experimental model of tibial bone defect using histopathological, histomorphometric, immunohistochemical (IHC) and mechanical tests. SEM and EDX demonstrated the successful extraction of BS. Histopathological analysis demonstrated that Control Group (GC) had greater formation of newly formed bone tissue compared to BG and BS, yet BG bone neoformation was greater than BS. However, BS showed material degradation and granulation tissue formation, with absence of inflammatory process and formation of fibrotic capsule. The results of histomorphometry corroborate with those of histopathology, where it is worth emphasizing the positive influence of BS in osteoblastic activity. IHQ demonstrated positive VEGF and TGF-β immunoexpression for GC, BS and BG. In the mechanical test no significant differences were found. The present results demonstrate the potential of BS in bone repair, further studies are needed other forms of presentation of BS are needed.

Degree of thoracic kyphosis and peak torque of trunk flexors and extensors among healthy women / Grau de cifose torácica e pico de torque de flexores e extensores de tronco entre mulheres saudáveis

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of aging on the degree of thoracic kyphosis and peak torque of the trunk flexor and extensor muscles among women without a densitometric diagnosis of osteoporosis. METHODS: Thirty women were selected to make up three groups: young women (n = 10; 24.60 ± 2.27 years of age); adults (n = 10; 43.50 ± 2.88); and elderly women (n = 10; 62.40 ± 2.67). Bone mineral density (BMD), degree of thoracic kyphosis and peak torque of the trunk flexors and extensors were evaluated. Differences between the groups were evaluated using the Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA and Mann-Whitney U tests. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to assess correlations between the variables. The significance level was taken to be 5% (p < 0.05). RESULTS: The elderly group presented a greater degree of thoracic kyphosis (p = 0.009) and lower peak torque of the trunk flexors and extensors than the young group. The adult group presented lower peak torque of the trunk than the young group. A negative correlation was observed between age and peak torque of the trunk flexors and extensors (p < 0.001), and a positive correlation between age and the degree of thoracic kyphosis (r = 0.58; p < 0.001). The elderly group presented higher values for the eccentric/concentric ratio of the peak torque for flexors (p = 0.03) and extensors (p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that physiological aging may be associated with a greater degree of thoracic kyphosis and lower muscle strength of the trunk flexors and extensors. Moreover, the elderly women showed a relative capacity for preservation of eccentric strength...

OBJETIVO: analisar os efeitos do envelhecimento no grau de cifose torácica e no pico de torque dos músculos flexores e extensores de tronco entre mulheres sem diagnóstico densitométrico de osteoporose. MÉTODOS: foram selecionadas 30 mulheres para compor os três grupos: jovens (n = 10; 24,60 ± 2,27 anos); adultas (n = 10; 43,50 ± 2,88); e idosas (n = 10; 62,40 ± 2,67). Densidade mineral óssea (DMO), grau de cifose torácica e pico de torque de flexores e extensores de tronco foram avaliados. Diferenças entre os grupos foram avaliadas pelos testes Anova de Kruskal-Wallis e Mann-Whitney U. Correlações entre as variáveis foram avaliadas pelo coeficiente de correlação de Pearson. Foi considerado um nível de significância de 5% (p < 0,05). RESULTADOS: o Grupo Idosas apresentou um maior grau de cifose torácica (p = 0,009) e menor pico de torque extensor e flexor de tronco do que o Grupo Jovens. O Grupo Adultas apresentou menor pico de torque flexor de tronco do que o Grupo Jovens. Foram observadas correlação negativa entre idade e pico de torque flexor e extensor de tronco (p < 0,001) e correlação positiva entre idade e grau de cifose torácica (r = 0,58; p < 0,001). O Grupo Idosas apresentou valores mais altos para a relação excêntrico/concêntrico de pico de torque flexor (p = 0,03) e extensor (p = 0,02). CONCLUSÃO: o envelhecimento fisiológico pode estar associado a um maior grau de cifose torácica e a menor força muscular de flexores e extensores de tronco. Ainda, as idosas mostram uma relativa capacidade de preservação da força excêntrica...

Redução da dor em mulheres com osteoporose submetidas a um programa de atividade física / Pain relief in women with osteoporosis after physical activity program

Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a dor e o consumo de analgésicos em mulheres com osteoporose, após a realização de um programa de atividade física. Participaram do estudo 15 mulheres com média de idade 59+-7,6 anos, com diagnóstico densitométrico em L2-L4 de osteoporose e que haviam feito uso de analgésicos...

This paper aimed at evaluating the effect of a physical activity program onto the level of pain as perceived by women with osteoporosis. Fifteen women (mean age 59+-7.6 years old) with bone-densitometry diagnosis of lumbar osteoporosis took part in the study, they all took analgesics...

Correlações entre grau de cifose torácica, função pulmonar e qualidade de vida em mulheres com osteoporose / Correlations among thoracic kyphosis degree, pulmonary function and quality of life in osteoporotic women

O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar a correlação do grau de cifose torácica com a função pulmonar, avaliada através da espirometria, manuvacuometria e cirtometria, e da qualidade de vida de um grupo de mulheres com osteoporose. Foram avaliadas 14 mulheres voluntárias...

Efeitos de um programa de atividade física no equilíbrio e na força muscular do quadríceps em mulheres osteoporóticas visando uma melhoria na qualidade de vida / The effects of a physical exercise program on the balance, on the quadriceps muscle strength and on the quality of life in osteoporotic women

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os efeitos de um programa de atividade física para melhora da força muscular do quadríceps, do equilíbrio e da qualidade de vida de mulheres osteoporóticas. 16 mulheres com diagnóstico densitométrico de osteoporose na coluna e/ou fêmur,com 60 - 74 anos de idade (67,2 ± 3,7), participaram deste estudo. Todas as voluntárias foram submetidas a avaliação do torque isométrico de extensão do joelho através do dinamômetro isocinético BIODEX, a avaliação do equilíbrio e responderam a um questionário de qualidade de vida (OPAQ). Em seguida, elas foram submetidas a um treinamento físico, orientado por um fisioterapeuta, durante 12 semanas, com freqüência de 3 vezes por semana. Cada sessão incluiu caminhada, exercícios de alongamento, exercícios para os músculos extensores do joelho. Depois deste período as voluntárias foram reavaliadas. Os dados foram estatisticamente avaliados através do teste não paramétrico de Wilcoxon e mostraram diferença significativa entre as avaliações (p < 0,05). Os resultados encontrados neste estudo permitem concluir que o programa de atividade física foi eficiente para melhorar o torque dos músculos extensores do joelho, o equilíbrio e a qualidade de vida de mulheres osteoporóticas, sugerindo que o programa de treinamento é efetivo e seguro para mulheres osteoporóticas.

The purpose of this study was to analyse the effects of a physical exercise program to improve muscle strength of quadriceps, balance and quality of life of osteoporotic women. 16 women with densitometric diagnosis of osteoporosis in the spine and/or femur, with 60 - 74 years of age (67.2 ± 3.7), participated in this study. All subjects were submitted to an extension muscle torque evaluation, through a BIODEX isokynetic dynamometer, to a balance evaluation and answered a quality of life questionaire (OPAQ). Afterwards they were submitted to the physical training, orientated by a physiotherapist, during 12 weeks, with a frequency of three times per week. Each session included walking, stretching exercisers and exercisers to the extension muscles of the knee. After this period, the subjects were evaluated. The data were statiscally analyzed by Wilcoxon nonparametric test and showed significant difference between evaluations (p< 0,05). The results found in this study allow concluding that the physical exercise program was efficient to improve the extension muscles torque of the knee, balance and quality of life of osteoporotic women, suggesting to be an effective and safe training program to osteoporotic women.

Influência das deformidades posturais na funçäo respiratória de indivíduos osteoporóticos / The influence of postural deformities in respiratory function in osteoporotic people

A osteoporose é uma doença que já atingiu proporçöes epidêmicas, tornando-se uma das doenças metabólicas mais comum e sendo responsável por uma alto índice de morbidade e mortalidade entre os idosos. A perda de massa óssea leva à maior susceptibilidade a fraturas, entre elas as fraturas vertebrais que podem desencadear uma série de alteraçöes posturais, como a hipercifose torácia. Essas alteraçöes posturais, dependendo de seu grau, levam a comprometimentos de vários sistemas do organismo, incluindo o sistema respiratório. Esse artigo fez um levantamento bibliográfico a respeito dqa influência das fraturas osteoporóticas e das deformidades posturais sob os volumes e capacidades respiratórias