RESUMEN
Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio fue examinar la invarianza de medición y la invarianza estructural de una medida de empatía, para niños y adolescentes peruanos. Los participantes fueron 417, provenientes de Lima Metropolitana. Se aplicó la Escala Básica de Empatía Breve (BES-B) de manera estandarizada. El análisis consistió en aplicar el modelamiento de ecuaciones estructurales para evaluar la invarianza de medición y las medias latentes en los constructos de empatía afectiva y cognitiva. Los resultados muestran que la invarianza de medición se mantiene satisfactoriamente de acuerdo al género y la edad; las diferencias en las medias latentes muestran ser entre fuertes o moderadas respecto a la edad y el sexo. Se discuten las implicaciones teóricas y prácticas.
Abstract The objective of this study was to examine the measurement and structural invariance of an empathy scale in Peruvian children and adolescents. 417 participants from Metropolitan Lima took part in the study. The Brief Basic Empathy Scale (BES-B) was applied in a standardized manner. Structural equations modeling was applied in the analysis in order to assess measurement invariance and latent means in affective and cognitive empathy. Results show that measurement invariance is maintained according to sex and age; the differences in the latent means are either strong or moderate with respect to age and sex. The article discusses the theoretical and practical implications of the findings.
Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi examinar a invariância de medição e a invariância estrutural de uma medida de empatia para crianças e adolescentes peruanos. A amostra esteve conformada por 417 participantes, provenientes de Lima Metropolitana. Foi aplicada a Escala Básica de Empatia Breve (BES-B) de maneira padronizada. A análise consistiu em aplicar o modelamento de equações estruturais para avaliar a invariância de medição e as médias latentes nos construtos de empatia afetiva e cognitiva. Os resultados mostram que a invariância de medição se mantém satisfatoriamente de acordo com o gênero e com a idade; as diferenças nas médias latentes mostram ser entre fortes ou moderadas a respeito da idade e do sexo. Finalmente, são discutidas as implicações teóricas e práticas.
RESUMEN
El objetivo del estudio que se informa fue determinar el grado de complejidad factorial de la permisividad hacia las conductas morales controvertidas, en una muestra de 254 estudiantes de ambos sexos de primero, quinto, noveno y décimo ciclo de la Carrera de Psicología de una universidad privada de la ciudad de Lima (Perú), cuya edad promedio fue de 21 años. Para ello se utilizó la Escala de Comportamientos Moralmente Controvertidos de Harding y Phillips (1986), que permitió evaluar el constructo permisividad. La estructura interna fue evaluada con el programa informático FACTOR y los cálculos de la complejidad factorial se efectuaron esencialmente con el programa SIMLOAD. Se encontró un alto nivel de factor de complejidad estimado para la solución de los factores y de los elementos, lo cual advierte una covariación de aspectos factoriales del instrumento y por tanto, de la estructura del mismo, que no se ha respondido a uno de los indicadores para la correcta interpretación de su dimensionalidad, es decir, una estructura simple. Esta compleja estructura tridimensional podría ser explicada por más de una construcción, por lo tanto, la covariación entre los elementos con múltiples construcciones hace que sea difícil separar una descripción de la otra. La tolerancia de ciertas conductas cuestionables por lo tanto, proviene de una percepción multidimensional de características. Es así, como esta complejidad influye en la definición de este tipo de comportamiento, tan poco diferenciado de otras dimensiones conceptuales de la permisividad.
The issue of morality has several facets that describe normative behavior of people and permissiveness towards socially questionable behavior is one of them. The investigation direct about the permissiveness was originated in the United States and in intercultural studies on its variability, and its internal structure and recently in Latin America continued to have some impacton her family size. From a psychometric approach, however, its internal structure in other cultures has not been a goal of such studies and therefore has not confirmed by factorial methods, and that condition can be put into question the validity of the interpretations of the scores. The assessment of internal validity is a necessary step to establish the equivalence of the constructs derived from cross-cultural instruments. This is more critical given the complexity of morality in human experience. Therefore, the objective of this work was to estimate the magnitude of the interdependence of facets of permissiveness in asample of 254 university students in Lima (Peru), from the first until the ninth and tenth course, whose average age was 21-year-old, between men and women, mainly Catholics. To this end, was applied the Morally Debatable Behaviors Scale (Harding & Phillips, 1986), which is a known quantity for assessing the construct of permissiveness. The internal structure was evaluated by a computer program FACTOR and the complexity factor calculations were made with the Program SIMLOAD. The analysis used the common factor analysis model and applying an oblique rotation complexity estimates were obtained by indices of factor simplicity (Fleming, 2003; Fleming & Merino, 2005) in the items and total factor solution. Our results showed underlying three-dimensional behaviors sampled by the questionnaire which follows the internal structure in previous studies. However, we found a high level of complexity factor estimated for the factor solution and for the items. These results warn us that the items covary with various factorial dimensions of the instrument and, therefore, the structure of the instrument has not met one of the indicators for proper interpretation of its dimensionality, i.e., a simple structure. This dimension al complex structure, in other words, indicates that the items share information that can be explained by more than a construct, therefore, the covariation among items with multiple constructs makes it difficult to separate description of the other. Tolerance of certain questionable conduct, therefore, comes from a multidimensional perception of its features, this complexity influences define this kind of behavior so poorly differentiated from other conceptual dimensions of permissiveness. Our results can not reliably be contrasted with previous studies in Latin America (e.g., Mathiesen et al., 1998), because the dimensions have not been stable relative to the location of the items. Finally, the factorial complexity of many items suggest some interpretations on the perception of morally inappropriate conduct and provide empirical evidence of the degree of its complexity, and the questioning of the internal psychometric integrity of the instrument. This study generated a series of questions about how is the best form to assess the construct of moral permissiveness, considering its importance in explaining behaviors that currently are being watched every day and still are not be product of an effective intervention. Some routes are also discussed research related to our results and the scope of this paper.