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Background Tear hyperosmosis is considered to be one of the core mechanisms of dry eye.The measurement of tear osmolarity is important in the clinical diagnosis of dry eye.However,relevant study is lack in Chinese population.Objective The aim was to investigate the relation of tear osmolarity and pathogenesis of dry eye and evaluate the diagnosis value of tear hyperosmosis in dry eye.Methods Sixty-one consecutive dry eye patients were enrolled in Affiliated Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University from May to August in 2011,including 30 mild and moderate dry eyes and 31 severe dry eyes,and 30 normal volunteers with matched age and gender were collected simultaneously under the informed consent.The visual acuity,Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire,osmotic pressure of tear,tear film breakup time (TFBUT),corneal fluorescein staining,conjunctival lissamine green staining,Shirmer Ⅰ test (S Ⅰ t) without anesthesia and meibomian function were examined in turn in the subjects,and lateral eyes with higher tear osmotic pressure were analyzed.The differences in above indexes among the different groups were statistically compared,and the correlations between the osmotic pressure of tear and clinical parameters were assessed.Results The osmotic pressure of tear was (326.46 ±22.66) mOsm/L in the dry eye group,which was significantly higher than (296.60± 10.81) mOsm/L in the normal control group (P＜0.05),and the OSDI scores,TFBUT,corneal fluorescine scores,conjunctival staining scores and S Ⅰ t values in the dry eye group were remarkably elevated in comparison with the normal control group (all at P＜0.05).The osmotic pressure of tear was (341.90 ± 21.15) mOsm/L in the severe dry eye group,which was significantly higher than (310.50±8.99) mOsm/L in the mild and moderate group (P＜0.017).The area under the curve for tear osmolarity in the dry eye group was 0.916,and cutoff value of sensitivity and specificity in dry eye diagnosis was 308 mOsm/L,with the sensitivity value 0.79 and specificity 1.00.The significant correlations were found between the osmotic pressure of tear and OSDI scores,corneal fluorescine scores,conjunctival staining scores and S Ⅰ t outcomes (r=0.338,0.407,0.246,-0.461,all at P＜0.05).However,the osmotic pressure of tear was not correlated with TFBUT (r=-0.113,P＞0.05).Conclusions Tears osmotic pressure might be a useful indicator for the diagnosis of dry eye and assessment of severity.A combined application of tear osmolarity measurement with other relevant indexes can improve the diagnostic value.
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Objective To identify the association strength of the prevalence of HBeAg, cccDNA with the occurrence of HBV related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in high risk male cohort in Qidong area in China. Methods A cohort of 377 middle aged HBV infected men in Qidong was followed from 1989 for 13. 25 years. HCC cases were registered. A matched case-controlled study was conducted on 32 pairs of inherent HCC cases with non-HCC controls. Serum HBeAg was measured by ELISA. cccDNA was detected by semi-nested PCR and verified by DNA sequencing. Standard statistical comparison between the prevalence of each HBV marker in HCC versus control group provided the odds ratio and P-value was used to evaluate its association strength with HCC occurrence. Results Serum HBeAg prevalence was 53. 1% (17/32) in HCC group versus 15. 6% (5/32) in controls, odds ratio (OR) =6. 12, P